1、EPC Contracts,Tim Steadman,Contract Management in International Construction,Beijing, April 28, 2009,设计采购施工合同,Tim Steadman,国际工程合同管理,2009年4月28日 北京,2,General Overview,Introduction to CC Construction Group Purpose of presentation Outline of presentation Context Roles Philosophy Structure Form Key risks
2、 and contract terms,概述,高伟绅律所建设工程团队介绍 演讲目的 演讲概要 背景 角色 体系 结构 形式 主要风险与合同条款,3,Context - Economic,Effect of cycles Participants Procurement methods and structures Price Risk allocation Funding sources and methods,背景-经济,体系循环的效果 参与者 采购方式与结构 价格 风险分担 资金来源与方式,4,Context Business Culture,Most countries embrace
3、market economics (in theory) In practice there are exceptions helpful and otherwise So relationships are to some extent adversarial/competitive And negotiations can be complex (especially if lenders are involved),背景商业文化,（理论上）大多数国家信奉市场经济 实践中存在例外有益或有害 因此 在某种程度上存在对抗/竞争性关系 谈判存在复杂性（尤其涉及贷款人时）,5,Context Le
4、gal/Regulatory,Legal system is part of business culture The rule of law/contract is important, especially in project financed deals Civil and common law systems differ in form and substance Impact of procurement rules On owners behaviour On bidding tactics,背景法律法规,法律体系是商业文化的一部分 法治/契约规则很重要，尤其在项目资金筹措交易
5、中 罗马法与普通法系在形式与实质上存在不同 采购规则的影响 对业主的行为 对投标技巧,6,Roles,Prime contractor (not always EPC) Vendor Technology licensor Investor Funder (deliberate or by default),角色,总承包商(并非总以EPC合同形式) 供应商 技术许可人 投资者 融资者 (有或无),7,Philosophy,As a contractor Open bidding or sole source? Immediate profit or market penetration/pro
6、file? Sole or in consortium? Legal and practical consequences of joint liability? Equity or contracting role only?,体系,作为承包人 公开投标或唯一来源? 希求得到直接利润或通过市场渗透/打造企业形象? 单独投标或联合投标? 共同责任的法律后果或实际后果? 入股抑或仅仅是承包人角色?,8,Philosophy (contd),As an owner Alliance or risk transfer? Linked to funding method Some sectoral p
7、atterns Also varies between public and private sector Philosophy is influential only if shared within supply chain,体系(续),作为业主 联合或风险转移? 与融资方式相关联 一些部门模式 公共部门与私营部门不同 体系仅在供应链共享范围内有影响,9,Structure the Project,Privately procured On balance sheet Off balance sheet Publicly procured May still be accounting c
8、onsiderations, eg in PPP Combinations PPP projects Concessions Others eg PPAs,结构项目,私下获得项目 资产负债表上 资产负债表外 公开获得项目 仍可能考虑对价，例如在PPP（公私合伙）合同中 结合 PPP （公私合伙）项目 让步 其他 例如PPA,10,Typical PPP Structure,PUBLIC ENTITY,CONCESSION CONTRACT,SPV,SPONSOR EQUITY,THIRD PARTY EQUITY INVESTORS,DUE DILIGENCE ADVISER 1,MEZZAN
9、INE FUNDERS,INSURERS,CONSTRUCTION,SENIOR FUNDERS (BANK/BOND),SURPLUS REAL ESTATE DISPOSAL,DUE DILIGENCE ADVISER 2,SUBCONTRACTOR 1,DESIGNERS,EQUIPMENT SUPPLY,OPERATION & MAINTENANCE,DEVELOPER,DUE DILIGENCE ADVISER 3,INVESTORS,SUBCONTRACTOR 2,SUBCONTRACTOR 3,BONDS & GUARANTEES,SURETIES & GUARANTORS,典型
10、PPP结构,共同实体,特许权合同,SPV,发起人股份,第三方股份 投资人,合理注意顾问1,中间融资者,保险人,建设,高级融资者(银行/债券),剩余不动产处置,合理注意顾问2,分包人1,设计人,设备供应,运营与维护,开发商,合理注意顾问3,投资人,分包人2,分包人 3,保函与担保,担保与保证,11,Structure the Main Construction Contract(s),EPC/design and build Owner designed EPCM/CM Other variants,结构主建设合同,设计采购施工/设计施工 业主设计 设计采购施工管理/施工管理EPCM/CM 其他
11、变量,12,KEY,“Traditional”,OWNER,CONTRACTOR,SUB-CONTRACTORS,ARCHITECT/ENGINEER,EPC Structure,KEY,“传统”,业主,承包人,分包人,建筑师/工程师,EPC结构,13,Where does EPC fit in?,Construction Management,Owner assumes risk,Contractor retains risk,Traditional,Design & Build,LSTK/ EPC,R I S K S P E C T R U M,Except as otherwise st
12、ated in the Contract: the Contractor shall be deemed to have obtained all necessary information as to risks, contingencies and other circumstances which may influence or affect the Works; by signing the Contract, the Contractor accepts total responsibility for having foreseen all difficulties and co
13、sts of successfully completing the Works; and the Contract Price shall not be adjusted to take account of any unforeseen difficulties or costs.,LSTK Lump Sum Turnkey EPC Engineering Procurement and Construction,EPC Structure (contd),EPC合同适合什么?,建设管理,业主承担风险,承包人保留风险,传统,设计施工,LSTK/ EPC,风险幅度,除非在合同中另有约定外：
14、承包人应当被视为已获知有关风险、意外事故及其他可能影响工程的情况的全部必要信息； 一俟签约，承包人即接受了所预见到的各类困难的全部责任并承担顺利完工的一切费用；且 合同价款不得因考虑任何不可预见的困难或费用而调整。,LSTK 一次性付款交钥匙EPC 设计采购施工,EPC结构(续),14,EPC Key Features,Single point responsibility Subject to caps and carve-outs High degree of risk for contractor Also high (but not absolute) degree of contra
15、ctor control Priced accordingly The preferred structure for project finance/PPP transactions Linkage to shareholder support,EPC主要特点,单一责任 责任的上限及分割 承包人承担高风险 项目多由承包人控制，但非完全控制 相应报价 项目融资的更优模式/PPP交易 与股东支持的联系,15,EPC Key Features (contd),Sensitive to market conditions recent history Wide choice of standard
16、contracts (eg FIDIC Silver and Yellow) Commonly used in infrastructure, thermal power and downstream petchem,EPC主要特点(续),对市场条件敏感最近的历史 可以选择更多的标准合同 (例如FIDIC银皮书和黄皮书) 在基础设施、热电厂和下游石化行业中应用,16,KEY,“Traditional”,OWNER,CONTRACTOR,SUB-CONTRACTORS,ARCHITECT/ENGINEER,Owner Design,Key,“传统”,业主,承包人,分包人,建筑师/工程师,业主设计
17、,17,Owner Design Key Features,More control for owner Design and other risks also retained by owner History of disputes Use has declined in recent decades but still used in, eg, public civil works and technology projects Incompatible with project finance approach,业主设计主要特点,业主更多控制 设计及其他风险仍由业主保留 争议历史 近几
18、十年来使用率降低，但仍在使用，例如在公共民用建筑和技术项目中 与项目融资方式不兼容,18,OWNER,TC,PROFESSIONAL TEAMARCHITECT STRUCTURAL ENGINEER M&E ENGINEER QUANTITY SURVEYOR CDM CO-ORDINATOR,CONSTRUCTION MANAGER,TC = TRADE CONTRACTOR,EPCM/CM,TC,TC,TC,TC,TC,TC,TC,TC,业主,TC,TC,专业队伍建筑师 结构工程师 机械电气工程师 成本估算师 CDM协调师,TC,TC,TC,TC,TC,TC,TC,施工项目经理,TC =
19、 专业承包商,= 专业合同,= 任命,=注册管理会计师,KEY,EPCM/CM,19,EPCM/CM Key Features,EPCM contractor is essentially a consultant Owner bears substantial risk Interface Recourse/leverage Can produce the lowest cost and fastest completion But is heavily dependent on specialist skills, experience and resources Can be disas
20、trous if those are not present examples Widely used in upstream oil and gas, renewables and some real estate markets,EPCM/CM 主要特点,EPCM 承包人实际上是顾问 业主承担实质性风险 接口 追索/杠杆作用 能达到最低支出与最快完工 但很大程度上有赖于专业技术、经验与资源 如果不具备这些将可能损失惨重案例 广泛应用于上游油气、可再生资源以及一些不动产市场,20,Variants,Timing two-stage contracting Market driven and
21、mixed feedback Conversion mechanism Scope is FEED included? Can be attractive for contractors Pricing target cost/GMP Usually a consequence rather than a choice Examples eg 2012 Link to philosophy,变量,时间 两步签约 市场驱动与综合反馈 转换机制 范围 是否包括FEED? 对承包人有吸引力 价格目标费用/优良制造标准GMP 通常是结果而非选择 例子例如2012 与体系相关,21,Forms of C
22、ontract,a profusion of colour and variety!,合同格式,各种各样的色彩和类型!,22,Forms of Contract,Standard or specially drafted? Relevance of wider structure Origin of standard forms Example of FIDIC Other standard forms, eg NEC, AIA, ENAA, EIC Why amend a “proven” form? To correct perceived anomalies or bias (examp
23、les),合同格式,标准合同抑或特别制定的合同? 更广泛结构的相关性 标准格式起源 FIDIC实例 其他标准格式，例如NEC, AIA, ENAA, EIC 为何修订“现有”格式? 修正已发现的异常或偏差 (例子),23,Forms of Contract (contd),To reflect deal specifics or sector practice (examples) To incorporate material from other contracts (eg in PPP) To reflect requirements of funding (which may be o
24、wner or contractor sourced) For legal reasons (examples)Who drafts owner or contractor?,合同格式(续),反映交易特性或部门实践（例子） 吸纳其他合同素材 (例如在PPP合同中) 反映融资需求 (可能来源于业主或承包人) 基于法律原因 (例子)由谁起草业主还是承包人?,24,Key Risks and Contract Terms,Law and language English language and style commonly used Precedence and integration of do
25、cuments Distinguish language of contract and of communications Common law preferred but less strongly these days Impact of local law in any event Wide choice of methods and places for dispute resolution,主要风险与合同条款,法律与语言 通常使用英语语言与文体 文件的优先顺序与整体性 区分合同语言与交流语言 优先考虑普通法，但近来这一趋势减弱 任何情况下本地法的影响 争议解决方式与地点的广泛选择,
26、25,Key Risks and Contract Terms (contd),Quality and scope “Wrapping” eg of technology or existing works or design Fitness for purpose and reasonable skill and care Insurance and risk retention implications Compliance with laws and consents Special importance of environmental requirements Pass-down f
27、rom other project documents,主要风险与合同条款(续),质量与范围 “限制” 例如，对技术或现有工程与设计 符合目标及合理技术与注意义务 保险与风险保留问题 符合法律及约定 环境要求的特殊重要性 其他项目文件的延续,26,Key Risks and Contract Terms (contd),Intellectual property Ownership by contractor Assigned or licensed to owner? Scope of license Indemnities for infringement capped or not?,主
28、要风险与合同条款(续),知识产权 承包人的所有权 转让或许可给业主? 许可范围 侵权赔偿有无上限?,27,Key Risks and Contract Terms (contd),Performance Security Joint liability Guarantees Bonds Types and purposes Issues with on-demand bonds Credit issues in current market Retention funds,主要风险与合同条款(续),履约担保 共同责任 担保人 保函 类型与目的 按需求发放保函 在当前市场中按信用发放保函 保留基
29、金,Key Risks and Contract Terms (contd),Subcontracting Approval Step-in rights Site conditions Can threaten viability of project/parties Mitigants An open-minded approach Government support Surveys and staging Flexibility in design,28,主要风险与合同条款(续),分包 同意 介入权 现场状况 可能威胁到项目/当事方的存续 降低风险的办法 思维开放的方式 政府支持 现场
30、考查与筹备 设计的弹性,29,Key Risks and Contract Terms (contd),Labour Local laws Local preference Time Status of programme Remedies for delay Liquidated damages (“LDs”) for delay Enforceability issues with delay LDs Acceleration Milestones Look-forward default Calculation and capping of LDS,主要风险与合同条款(续),劳动力 当地
31、法律 当地优惠 时间 计划状况 延期赔偿 延期违约赔偿金 违约赔偿金执行力问题 赶工 重大事件 预期违约 延期违约赔偿金的计算与上限,30,Key Risks and Contract Terms (contd),Completion, commissioning and testing Sector differences Performance LDs and make-good Defects liability Typical periods “Evergreen” clauses Latent and patent defects Remedies under the general
32、 law,主要风险与合同条款(续),竣工、试车与试验 部门差别 履行违约赔偿金或进行补救 缺陷责任 典型期限 “终生”条款 潜在缺陷与显著缺陷 依照一般原则的救济,31,Key Risks and Contract Terms (contd),Variations Instructed by the owner Resulting from changes in law or standards Examples of risk allocation Price and payment Lump sum or other? Currency issues Input cost fluctuat
33、ion Milestones or measurement? Offsite materials,主要风险与合同条款(续),变更 按照业主指示 因法律或标准的变化 风险分担的例子 价款与支付 总价合同或其他? 货币问题 投入成本的波动 重大事件或测量? 场外原料,32,Key Risks and Contract Terms (contd),Advance payments Cashflow neutrality Payment security for contractor Set-off and correction ECA requirements Remedies for non-pa
34、yment Role of lenders engineer,主要风险与合同条款(续),预付款 现金流平衡 给承包人的付款担保 抵销与补偿 ECA要求 未付款的救济 贷款人工程师的角色,33,Key Risks and Contract Terms (contd),Termination For owner convenience Payment of profit For force majeure For owner default Typical grounds Remedies For contractor default Typical grounds Remedies (to in
35、clude rejection?),主要风险与合同条款(续),终止 基于业主的利益 支付利润 基于不可抗力 基于业主违约 典型原因 救济 基于承包人违约 典型原因 救济(包括拒收? ),34,Key Risks and Contract Terms (contd),Risk Indemnities Treatment of hazardous sites Care of the works Excepted risks Link to insurance Liability Liability cap Exclusion of “consequential loss” Exceptions,主
36、要风险与合同条款(续),风险 补偿 危险现场的处置 工程移交 除外责任 与保险的联系 责任 责任限额 “后续损失”的排除 除外,35,Key Risks and Contract Terms (contd),Insurance Main categories CAR/EAR TPL/PL PII Plant and vehicles DSA/ALOP Latent defects Operational insurance Who arranges cover? Other contract terms,主要风险与合同条款(续),保险 主要类型 工程一切险/建筑物一切险 第三方责任险、公共责任
37、险 职业免责险 设备与装置 债务中止协议/预期利润损失险 潜在缺陷 运营保险 由谁决定保险赔偿的分配? 其他合同条款,36,Key Risks and Contract Terms (contd),Force Majeure Open or closed clause? Territorial limits? Exclusions Consequences,主要风险与合同条款(续),不可抗力 开放式或封闭式条款? 区域性限制? 除外情况 后果,Clifford Chance, 10 Upper Bank Street, Canary Wharf, London, E14 5JJ, UK Cli
38、fford Chance LLP 2007 Clifford Chance Limited Liability Partnership,,EPC Contracts,Contract Management in International Construction Beijing, April 28, 2009,Clifford Chance, 10 Upper Bank Street, Canary Wharf, London, E14 5JJ, UK Clifford Chance LLP 2007 Clifford Chance Limited Liability Partnership,,设计采购施工合同,国际工程合同管理 2009年4月28日 北京,
