1、Introducing the !Kung San Dobe Ju/hoansi,People of Dobe Language Environmental Adaptations Settlement,Ethnography by Richard Lee,1963 as part of his dissertation research Learn about foragers as most “basic” of humans. Common “core” of features. Learn customs and culture in evolutionary context. Als
2、o address questions of ethnoarchaeology.,Dobe Area,People of Dobe,Hottentots (Khoi) Herders of goats and cattle San “Bushmen” Term bushmen racist and sexist Dutch-16th century European settlemen Genocidal warfare against San Remaining pushed to marginal zones of the Kalahari desert. 112,000 San toda
3、y,People of Dobe,“Yellow” San Indigenous of South Africa Click Language Hunter-gatherers, farmers, herders and wage labor. Short, lighter skin, deep chested, delicate facial features.,“Black” San Genetically similar to Bantu Mixed herding, farming, wage labor and some foraging. Taller, darker skin,
4、stronger facial features.,Studies of San,Lawrence and Lorna Marshall Nyae Nyae 1951 Silberbauer, Tanaka, Cashdan, Kent /Gwi Bleek, Guenther, Barnard Nharo Lee, Devore (Kalahari Research Group) Ju/hoansi,Prehistory of San,People living in that area of South Africa as early as 50 thousand years ago (a
5、nd probably earlier). Debate: San are actually pastoralists who fled Bantu overlords and became foragers. Archaeological evidence suggests continuity between present day San and prehistoric people. No historic documentation of this.,San Language,Unusual sounds called clicks. / = dental click (as in
6、“tsk, tsk”) = alveolar click (tongue on sides of teeth) ! = alveopalatal click (tongue on roof of mouth) / = lateral click (as in urging on a horse) http:/ culturally defined relationship established on the basis of blood ties or marriage. Consanguineal Kin-those people related by blood (blood relat
7、ions). related to concept of parentage. blood is not such a great term but it gets the idea across. Affinal-related by marriage.,Kinship Diagram for !Kung,Environmental Adaptations,Dobe area 3000 square miles Kalahari Desert 1000-2000 meters above sea level Aha Hills 2100 meters above sea level,Habi
8、tats,Ju define 4 habitats: Dunes Fixed by Mongongo tree vegetation. Flats Plains between dunes and melapo Melapo Dry river beds, smaller, acacia trees. Hardpan Bare rock/sand, baobab tree.,Habitat Zones,Water,Permanent waterholes (Dobe) Seasonal (6 months a year-October to March) Interior of Mongong
9、o tree Water bearing roots,Climate,Hottest-October to February (86-104 F) Coolest-June and July (75-80 F) San Recognize Five seasons !Huma (Spring Rains) Oct-Nov Bara (Summer Rains) Dec-March Tobe (Autumn) April-May !Gum (Winter) May-August !Gaa (Spring Dry) Aug-October,Rainfall,Highly Variable 1963
10、-64 9.4” 1967-1968 23.5” 1968-1969 14.7” Droughts 2 years out of every five Severe-One year out of every four,Fauna,50 Mammal Species Kudu, Wildebeest, Gemsbok, Eland, Roan Antelope, Giraffe and Hartebeest most important. 90 Bird Species Ostrich (eggs), guinea fowl, sandgrouse, quail, dove, ducks mo
11、st important 25 Reptile/Amphibian Species Insects Chysomelid Beetle-poison for arrows Honey,Hunting,Meat contributes 30 percent of the calories. Social-distribution and feasting when a large animal is killed. Tools Bow and arrow, spear, knife, springhare hook, and rope snares. Techniques Mobile-pois
12、oned arrows, with dogs, underground after burrowing animals, snaring.,Hunting Tools,Flora,Mongogo (nuts) Baobab Marula (nuts) Edible gum (sap) Roots and Bulbs Melons (Saba “Bitter”) Bean,Melons,Gathering Tools,Settlement-Villages,Dry Season Villages May-Oct, 8-15 huts, 20-50 people Near Permanent Wa
13、ter Well constructed huts Circular design Rainy Season Villages Oct-March, 3-20 huts, 3 weeks to 3 months Hastily constructed huts, thickly thatched. Up to 6 sites in one rainy season Circular design,Village Layout,Good, shade trees 0-Plaza 1-Huts & Fires 2-Ash dumps 3-Cooking & Butchering 4-Empty 5-Defecation Zone,Settlement-Camps,Spring and Fall Camps No huts, 2-3 weeks Overnight Stops Fire built Cattle Post Camps Solid huts near cattle/goat herder villages 1-20 huts Crescent shaped pattern,
