1、Introduction to Cooperative Learning,EDTE 408 Principles of Teaching,Six Key Elements To Cooperative Learning,Teams Will to Cooperate Cooperative Management Skill to Cooperate Four Basic Principles Cooperative Structures,Concept 1: Teams,What is a cooperative team?,Strong, positive team identityFour
2、 membersEndures over timeHeterogeneous,Concept 1: Teams,How are teams formed?,Variety of methods Friendships or interests Random teams Teacher assigns students to teams Heterogeneous - maximize the probability of peer tutoring and improving cross-race and cross-sex relations,Concept 1: Teams,What is
3、 the best way to form teams?,Teacher assignment teams Can be held together for a long time Students form a strong team identity Teams learn to learn together,Concept 1: Teams,What are some problems with other methods?,Random: The luck of the draw can put four low achievers on the same teamFriends Ch
4、oose: Classroom management problems, leaving someone out,Concept 1: Teams,How big should teams be?,Four members per team Allows pairs work Teams of more than four do not lend themselves to enough participation and they are harder to manage,Concept 2: Will to Cooperate,Three ways in which the will to
5、 cooperate is created and maintained:,Teambuilding Classbuilding Use of cooperative task and reward structures, including recognition systems,Concept 2: Will to Cooperate,Teambuilding and Classbuilding,Activities for team and classbuilding provide unique learning experiences not afforded by traditio
6、nal exclusive emphasis on academic content Found in workplace - should be in classrooms too,Concept 2: Will to Cooperate,Task and Reward Structures,PAT Cooperative Task Structures - A Group Product Grading problems? Improvement Scoring Team Scores as a recognition system, not a report card,Concept 3
7、: Cooperative Management,Room ArrangementQuiet SignalTeacher and Student ModelingManageable Noise LevelEfficient Distribution of MaterialsClass Rules and Procedures,Concept 4: Skill to Cooperate,Developing Social Skills,ModelingDefiningRole-playing,Concept 5: Basic Principles,Four Basic Principles t
8、o Cooperative Learning,Positive Interdependence Individual Accountability Equal Participation Simultaneous Interaction,Concept 5: Basic Principles,Simultaneous Interaction,Distribute Supplies: Materials Monitor from each team distributes materials to teammates Discuss Topic: All students discuss vie
9、ws in pairs Form Teams: Students simultaneously look for names on tables Share Answers: All students engage in choral response Receive Help: Students ask a teammate and receive immediate help,Concept 5: Basic Principles,Positive Interdependence,Weak Forms: The success of each team member is likely t
10、o contribute to success of others The success of teams is likely to be facilitated by success of individual members Intermediate Forms: The success of each team member contributes to success of all teammates, but a team member could succeed on own The success of a team is facilitated by the success
11、of each member, but team could succeed without success or contribution of every member,Concept 5: Basic Principles,Positive Interdependence,Strong Forms: The success of every team member is not possible without success/contributions of each The success of a team is not possible without success or co
12、ntribution of each member,Concept 5: Basic Principles,Individual Accountability,Students can be made individually accountable by having each student receive a grade on his/her portion of the team project Each student responsible for a unique portion of a team learning product Whatever the form of in
13、dividual accountability, the contribution of each individual is made known to the team,Kagans Simple,Cooperative Learning Strategies:Teacher Tools to Construct Learning,Cooperative Structures,Agreement Circles Students stand in a large circle, then step to the center in proportion to their agreement
14、 with a statement by a student or teacher.,Cooperative Structures,Blind Sequencing Students sequence all pieces without peeking at the pieces of teammates.,Cooperative Structures,Circle-the Sage Students who know, stand to become sages; teammates each gather around a different sage to learn. Student
15、s return to teams to compare notes.,Cooperative Structures,Corners Students pick a corner, write its number, go there, interact with others with same corner choice in a Rally Robin or Timed Pair Share.,Cooperative Structures,Fan-N-Pick Played with higher-level thinking Q cards. #1 fans, #2 picks, #3
16、 answers, #4 praises. Students then rotate roles.,Cooperative Structures,Find My Rule The teacher places items in a frame (two boxes, Venn, on a line); students induce the role. Two Box Induction Whats My Line Crack My Venn,Cooperative Structures,Find Someone Who Students circulate, finding others w
17、ho can contribute to their worksheet. People Hunt: Students circulate, finding others who match their own characteristics. Fact Bingo: Find someone who played on bingo worksheet.,Cooperative Structures,Find the Fib Teammates try to determine which of three statements is a fib. Fact or Fiction: Teamm
18、ates try to determine if a statement is true or false.,Cooperative Structures,Flashcard Game Flashcards in pairs, with rounds progressing from many to no clues,Cooperative Structures,Formations Students stand together as a class to form shapes.,Cooperative Structures,Four “S” Brainstorming Sultan of
19、 Silly, Synergy Guru, Sergeant Support, and the Speed Captain play their roles as they quickly generate many ideas which are recorded by Synergy Guru. Think Pad Brainstorming: No roles. Students generate items on think pad slips, announcing them to teammates and placing them in the center of the tab
20、le.,Cooperative Structures,Idea Spinner Spin Captain “Shares an Idea” or “Quizzes a Pal” to Summarize, Evaluate, Explain, or Predict.,Cooperative Structures,Inside/Outside Circle Students in concentric circles rotate to face a partner to answer the teachers questions or those of the partner.,Coopera
21、tive Structures,Jigsaw Problem Solving Each teammate has part of the answer or a clue card; teammates must put their info together to solve the team problem.,Cooperative Structures,Line Ups Students line up by characteristics, estimates, values, or assigned items. Value Lines: Students line up as th
22、e agree or disagree with a value statement. Folded & Split Line Ups: Students fold the Line Up or Split and Slide it to interact with someone with a different point of view, characteristic, or estimate.,Cooperative Structures,Lyrical Lessons Students write and/or sing songs based on curriculum, ofte
23、n to familiar tunes,Cooperative Structures,Match Mine Receivers arrange objects to match those of Senders whose objects are hidden by a barrier. Draw-What-I-Say: Receiver draws what sender describes. Build-What-I-Write: Receiver constructs what Sender has described in writing.,Cooperative Structures
24、,Mix-Freeze-Group Students rush to form groups of a specific size, hoping not to land in “lost and found.”,Cooperative Structures,Mix-Pair-Discuss Students pair with classmates to discuss question posed by the teacher.,Cooperative Structures,Mix-N-Match Students mix, then find partners with the matc
25、hing card. Snowball: Students toss crumpled papers over imaginary volleyball net, stop, pick up a snowball, then find the person with the matching “snowball.”,Cooperative Structures,Numbered Heads Together Students huddle to make sure all can respond, a number is called, the student with that number
26、 responds. Paired Heads Together: Students in pairs huddle to make sure they both can respond, an “A” or “B” is called, the student with that letter responds.,Cooperative Structures,One Stray The teacher calls a number; students with that number “stray” to join another team, often to share. Two Stra
27、y: Two students stray to another team, often to share and to listen. Three stray: Three students stray to another team, often to listen to the one who stayed to explain a team project.,Cooperative Structures,Pairs Check Students work first in pairs each doing a problem and receiving coaching and pra
28、ise from their partner; then pairs check and celebrate after every two problems.,Cooperative Structures,Pairs Compare Pairs generate ideas or answers, compare their answers with another pair, and then see if working together they can come up with additional responses neither pair alone had.,Cooperat
29、ive Structures,Paraphrase Passport Students can share their own ideas only after they accurately paraphrase the person who spoke before them.,Cooperative Structures,Partners Pairs work to prepare a presentation, then present to the other pair in their team.,Cooperative Structures,Poems for Two Voice
30、s Partners alternate reading “A” and “B” lines of a poem, and read “AB” lines together in unison. Songs for Two Voices: Partners alternate singing “A” and “B” lines of a song, and sing “AB” lines together in unison.,Cooperative Structures,Q-Spinner Students generate questions from one of 36 prompts
31、produced by spinners.,Cooperative Structures,Rally Robin Students in pairs take turns talking. Rally Toss: Partners toss a ball (paper wad) while doing Rally Robin.,Cooperative Structures,Rally Table Students in pairs take turns writing, drawing, pasting. (2 papers, 2 pencils per team) Pass-N-Praise
32、: Students in pairs take turns writing and hand their paper to the next person only after receiving praise.,Cooperative Structures,Reading Boards Students manipulate game pieces relating to the song as they sing along.,Cooperative Structures,Rotating Review Teams discuss topic; chart their thoughts;
33、 rotate to the next chart to discuss and chart their thoughts. Rotating Feedback: Teams discuss, then chart their feedback to another teams product; then rotate to do the same with the next team.,Cooperative Structures,Round Robin Student in teams take turn talking Turn Toss: Students toss a ball (p
34、aper wad) while doing Round Robin. Think-Write-Round Robin: Students think, then write before the Round Robin.,Cooperative Structures,Round Table Students in teams take turns writing, drawing, pasting. (1 paper, 1 pencil per team) Rotating Recorder: Students take turns recording team responses. Simu
35、ltaneous Round Table: Round Table with more than one recording sheet passed at once. (4 papers, 4 pencils per team),Cooperative Structures,Sages Share Students Think Pad Brainstorm ideas, and each initial those ideas they can explain. Then students take turns interviewing the “sages” those who can e
36、xplain an idea they dont understand.,Cooperative Structures,Same Different Students try to discover whats the same and different in two pictures, but neither student can look at the picture of the other.,Cooperative Structures,Send-A-Problem Teammates make problems which are sent around the class fo
37、r other teams to solve. Trade-A-Problem: Teammates make problems which are traded with another team to solve.,Cooperative Structures,Showdown Teammates each write an answer, then there is a “showdown” as they show their answers to each other. Teammates verify answers.,Cooperative Structures,Similari
38、ty Groups Students form groups based on a commonality.,Cooperative Structures,Spend-A-Buck Each student has four quarters to spend on two, three, or four items. The item with the most quarters is the team choice.,Cooperative Structures,Spin-N-Think Students follow a thinking trail (Read Q, Answer Q,
39、 Paraphrase & Praise, & Discuss). At each point on the trail a student is randomly selected to perform after all students have had think time. Spin-N-Review: Students review questions by following a trail (Read Q, Answer Q, Check Answer, Praise or Help).,Cooperative Structures,Stir-the-Class Teams s
40、tand in circle around room, huddle to discuss a question from the teacher, stand shoulder to shoulder when they have their answers, rotate to next team when their number is called to share their answer, and join the new team for next question.,Cooperative Structures,Talking Chips Students place thei
41、r chip in the center each time they talk; they cannot speak again until all chips are in the center and collected. Gambit Chips: Like Talking Chips but chips contain gambits (things to say or do): For examples, Affirmation Chips contain praisers; Paraphrase Chips contain gambits for paraphrasing. Re
42、sponse Mode Chips: Like Talking Chips but chips contain response modes: For examples, Summarizing, Giving an Idea, Praising an Idea.,Cooperative Structures,Team Chants Teammates come up with words and phrases related to the content, then come up with a rhythmic chant often with snapping, stomping, t
43、apping, and clapping.,Cooperative Structures,Team Interview Students are interviewed, each in turn, by their teammates.,Cooperative Structures,Teammates Consult For each of a series of questions, students place pens in cup, share and discuss their answers, and then pick up pens to write answer in ow
44、n words.,Cooperative Structures,Team-Pair-Solo Students solve problems first as a team, then as a pair, finally alone.,Cooperative Structures,Team Stand-N-Share All teams stand. Teams share ideas and record ideas from other teams. Teams sit when all ideas are shared and continue to record until all
45、teams sit.,Cooperative Structures,Team Statements Students think, discuss in pairs, write an individual statement, Round Robin individual statements, and then work together to make a team statement they can all endorse more strongly than their individual statements.,Cooperative Structures,Team Word-
46、Web Students write the topic in the center, Round Table core concepts, then free-for-all supporting elements, and bridges. Students each use a different color pen or marker for individual accountability and to ensure equal participation. Team Mind Map: Students draw and label the central image, brai
47、nstorm, draw, and label main ideas radiating out of the central image, and finally add details using colors, images, branches and key words.,Cooperative Structures,Telephone One student leaves the room. The teacher teaches the remaining students. The absent student returns and is taught by teammates
48、, and later takes a quiz.,Cooperative Structures,Think-Pair-Share Students think about their response to a question, discuss answers in pairs, and then share their own or partners answer with the class. Think-Pair-Square: Same except students share their answers with teammates rather than with the c
49、lass.,Cooperative Structures,Three-Pair-Share Students share on a topic three times, once with each of their teammates.,Cooperative Structures,Three-Step Interview Students share with a partner, the partner shares with them, and then they Round Robin share their partners response with the other team
50、mates.,Cooperative Structures,Timed Pair Share Students share with a partner for a predetermined amount of time and then the partner shares with them for the same amount of time.,Cooperative Structures,Who Am I? Students attempt to determine their secret identity (taped on their back) by circulating
51、 and asking “yes/no” questions of classmates. They are allowed three questions per classmate (or unlimited questions until they receive a no response). They then find a new classmate to question. When the student guesses his/her identify, he/she becomes a consultant to give clues to those who have not yet found their identity.,
