1、Chapter 25 Performance Analysis,What you can do to improve performance,Memory size has a major influence on performance Correct the problems of usage Load balance appliance Organize the systems hard disks and filesystems Monitoring your networks ,Factors that affect Performance,Four major resources
2、CPU Time Memory Hard disk I/O bandwidth Network I/O bandwidthWhere is the real bottleneck Not CPU, hard disk bandwidth it is ! When memory is not enough, system will do swap, so memory and disk bandwidth are the major suspects,System Performance Checkup Analyzing CPU usage (1),Three information of C
3、PU Overall utilization Help to identify whether the CPU resource is the system bottleneck Load average Per-process consumption Identify specific processs CPU utilization,System Performance Checkup Analyzing CPU usage (2),vmstat command Report kernel statistics about process, memory, cpu, Usage: % vm
4、stat c 2 w 1 us: user time High us means high computation sy: system time High sy means process are making lots of system call or performing I/O id: cpu idle us and sy time should half-half Monitoring interval should not be too small,tytsaiu3:/var/log vmstat c 2 w 5 procs memory page disks faults cp
5、ur b w avm fre flt re pi po fr sr da0 da1 in sy cs us sy id3 2 0 50364 1587316 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 931 786 181 0 0 1000 2 0 50368 1587312 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 250 91 23 0 0 99,System Performance Checkup Analyzing CPU usage (3),faults (average per second over last 5 seconds) in: device interrupt per interval
6、sy: system calls per interval cs: cpu context switch rate,tytsaiu3:/var/log vmstat c 2 w 5 procs memory page disks faults cpur b w avm fre flt re pi po fr sr da0 da1 in sy cs us sy id3 2 0 50364 1587316 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 931 786 181 0 0 1000 2 0 50368 1587312 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 250 91 23 0 0 99,tytsaiccb
7、sd3: vmstat c 5 w 5procs memory page disk faults cpur b w avm fre flt re pi po fr sr ad0 in sy cs us sy id0 0 0 231320 68792 320 4 0 0 264 7 0 2273 3381 952 16 4 800 0 0 232984 67100 558 0 0 0 386 0 1 1958 3285 551 11 5 841 0 0 228252 69272 192 2 0 0 292 0 5 2787 2626 681 23 4 731 0 0 221564 72048 1
8、02 0 0 0 229 0 0 1395 556 184 1 2 970 0 0 209624 76684 96 0 0 0 306 0 0 1350 935 279 0 2 97,High load, busy http server,Nothing to do Server,System Performance Checkup Analyzing CPU usage (4),Load average The average number of runnable processes Including processes waiting for disk or network I/Oupt
9、ime command Show how long system has been running and the load average of the system over the last 1, 5, and 15 minutes Usage: % uptime,tytsaimgate2 uptime 8:22AM up 6 days, 22:13, 2 users, load averages: 0.06, 0.02, 0.00,System Performance Checkup Analyzing CPU usage (5),top command Display and upd
10、ate information about the top cpu processes ps command Show process statusrenice command renice n increment p pid renice +1 987 u daemon root p 32,System Performance Checkup Analyzing memory usage (1),When memory is not enough Memory page has to be “swapped out” to the disk block LRU (Least Recently
11、 Used) algorithm Bad situation “desperation swapping” Kernel forcibly swaps out runnable process Extreme memory shortageTwo numbers that quantify memory activity Total amount of active virtual memory Tell you the total demand for memory Page rate suggest the proportion of actively used memory,System
12、 Performance Checkup Analyzing memory usage (2),To see amount of swap space in use pstat s or swapinfo -k (FreeBSD) swapon s (Linux) swap l (Solaris)pstat command % pstat -s,csduty -chiahung- pstat -s Device 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity /dev/label/swap-0 1048572 0 1048572 0% /dev/label/swap-1 10485
13、72 0 1048572 0% Total 2097144 0 2097144 0%,System Performance Checkup Analyzing memory usage (3),vmstat command procs r: in run queue b: blocked for resource w: runnable or short sleeper but swapped memory avm: active virtual pages fre: size of the free list page (averaged each five seconds, given i
14、n units per second) flt: total number of page faults pi: pages paged in po: pages paged out 50 page-out cause about 1 seconds latency fr: pages freed per second,csws1 -chiahung- vmstat -c 3 -w 5procs memory page disks r b w avm fre flt re pi po fr sr da0 da1 0 3 0 1427M 1196M 224 0 0 0 312 0 0 0 0 3
15、 0 1427M 1196M 3 0 0 0 169 0 12 12 0 3 0 1427M 1196M 3 0 0 0 110 0 15 15,System Performance Checkup Analyzing disk I/O,iostat command Report I/O statistics Usage: iostat w 1 c 5 tin/tout: characters read from /write to terminal KB/t: kilobytes per transfer tps: transfers per second MB/s: megabytes p
16、er second,FreeBSD: -lwhsu- iostat da0 -w 1tty da0 cputin tout KB/t tps MB/s us ni sy in id0 258 59.78 253 14.77 3 0 4 0 940 127 63.13 501 30.89 3 0 4 0 930 43 62.58 346 21.14 5 0 5 0 900 42 62.40 289 17.63 3 0 5 0 920 43 61.19 720 43.02 1 0 2 0 97,System Performance Checkup Analyzing network,The fou
17、r most common uses of netstat Monitoring the status of network connections netstat a Inspecting interface configuration information netstat iExamining the routing table netstat r n Viewing operational statistics for network protocols,derek -chiahung- netstat I Name Mtu Network Address Ipkts Ierrs Op
18、kts Oerrs Coll bge0 1500 140.113.240.0 derek 2256736153 - 3709378394 - - bge0 1500 192.168.7.0 192.168.7.1 1744582 - 49144622 - - lo0 16384 your-net localhost 433424 - 433424 - -,systat,display system statistics,22 users Load 0.87 0.51 0.42 Dec 28 21:41Mem:KB REAL VIRTUAL VN PAGER SWAP PAGERTot Shar
19、e Tot Share Free in out in out Act 888500 15268 3578016 28204 581224 count 3 All 1985880 138664 1077786k 340176 pages 3 Proc: Interruptsr p d s w Csw Trp Sys Int Sof Flt 631 cow 17709 total1 468 19k 1878 14k 1709 1069 1353 317 zfod atkbd0 1ozfod 51 atapci0 195.9%Sys 0.3%Intr 2.5%User 0.0%Nice 91.3%I
20、dle %ozfod 778 ahc0 irq24 | | | | | | | | | | | daefr ahc1 irq25 = 764 prcfr 2000 cpu0: time29 dtbuf 18391 totfr 876 em0 irq256 Namei Name-cache Dir-cache 450000 desvn react 4 em1 irq257Calls hits % hits % 395311 numvn pdwak 2000 cpu1: time154838 144273 93 25000 frevn pdpgs 2000 cpu2: timeintrn 2000
21、 cpu3: time Disks ad4 ad6 ad8 ad10 da0 pass0 3917836 wire 2000 cpu5: time KB/t 104 0.00 107 0.00 61.70 0.00 4763576 act 2000 cpu7: time tps 22 0 31 0 775 0 2908320 inact 2000 cpu4: time MB/s 2.24 0.00 3.24 0.00 46.71 0.00 109544 cache 2000 cpu6: time %busy 2 0 3 0 82 0 471700 free327552 buf,/0 /1 /2
22、 /3 /4 /5 /6 /7 /8 /9 /10Load Average |Interface Traffic Peak Totallo0 in 0.000 KB/s 0.000 KB/s 319.574 MBout 0.000 KB/s 0.000 KB/s 319.574 MBem0 in 231.623 KB/s 281.986 KB/s 42.270 GBout 689.802 KB/s 923.680 KB/s 215.311 GB,systat -ifstat,systat -vmstat,*stat commands,lucky7:/bin -lwhsu- ls -al ,/u
23、sr/bin,/sbin/*stat -r-xr-xr-x 1 root wheel - 49976 Jan 2 18:52 /sbin/ipfstat* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root wheel - 7264 Jan 2 18:52 /sbin/kldstat* -r-xr-sr-x 1 root kmem - 11872 Jan 2 18:53 /usr/bin/btsockstat* -r-xr-sr-x 1 root kmem - 20432 Jan 2 18:53 /usr/bin/fstat* -r-xr-sr-x 1 root kmem - 144208 Jan 2 18:
24、53 /usr/bin/netstat* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root wheel - 12352 Jan 2 18:53 /usr/bin/nfsstat* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root wheel - 16912 Jan 2 18:53 /usr/bin/procstat* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root wheel - 15696 Jan 2 18:53 /usr/bin/sockstat* -r-xr-xr-x 2 root wheel - 15560 Jan 2 18:53 /usr/bin/stat* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root wheel - 82424
25、Jan 2 18:53 /usr/bin/systat* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root wheel - 25552 Jan 2 18:53 /usr/bin/vmstat* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root wheel - 15760 Jan 2 18:53 /usr/sbin/gstat* lrwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel - 21 Jan 2 18:53 /usr/sbin/hoststat -/usr/sbin/mailwrapper -r-xr-x- 1 root wheel - 11504 Jan 2 18:53 /usr/sbin/ifmcstat* -r-x
26、r-xr-x 1 root wheel - 19808 Jan 2 18:53 /usr/sbin/iostat* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root wheel - 39376 Jan 2 18:53 /usr/sbin/pmcstat* -r-xr-xr-x 2 root wheel - 13040 Jan 2 18:53 /usr/sbin/pstat* lrwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel - 21 Jan 2 18:53 /usr/sbin/purgestat -/usr/sbin/mailwrapper -r-xr-xr-x 1 root wheel - 10048 Ja
27、n 2 18:53 /usr/sbin/slstat*,top,last pid: 61540; load averages: 0.30, 0.31, 0.32 up 17+09:57:18 13:57:14 242 processes: 1 running, 241 sleeping CPU states: % user, % nice, % system, % interrupt, % idle Mem: 2195M Active, 7466M Inact, 1574M Wired, 21M Cache, 214M Buf, 619M Free Swap: 2048M Total, 140
28、K Used, 2048M FreePID USERNAME THR PRI NICE SIZE RES STATE C TIME WCPU COMMAND 26091 squid 17 44 0 414M 384M ucond 1 35:51 0.00% squid 11945 bind 11 44 0 71696K 59544K select 1 32:06 0.00% named 11375 root 1 58 0 20960K 3144K select 1 9:35 0.00% sshd 68517 nobody 1 44 0 24472K 14716K select 3 8:00 0
29、.00% rsync,top m io,last pid: 9347; load averages: 0.21, 0.29, 0.32 up 17+09:58:20 13:58:16 243 processes: 1 running, 242 sleeping CPU states: 0.5% user, 0.0% nice, 1.2% system, 0.0% interrupt, 98.3% idle Mem: 2200M Active, 7484M Inact, 1604M Wired, 25M Cache, 214M Buf, 562M Free Swap: 2048M Total,
30、140K Used, 2048M FreePID USERNAME VCSW IVCSW READ WRITE FAULT TOTAL PERCENT COMMAND 18107 cvsup 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00% cvsupd 26091 squid 34 0 0 0 0 0 0.00% squid 11945 bind 9 3 0 0 0 0 0.00% named 11375 root 4 0 0 0 0 0 0.00% sshd,top m cpu (default),gstat,L(q) ops/s r/s kBps ms/r w/s kBps ms/w %busy Na
31、me0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0| acd05 218 218 15756 9.3 0 0 0.0 94.0| da00 111 2 214 5.0 107 933 4.3 23.4| ad40 113 0 0 0.0 111 933 4.3 24.1| ad50 111 2 214 5.0 107 933 4.3 23.5| ad4s10 113 0 0 0.0 111 933 4.3 24.1| ad5s10 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0| ad60 5 0 0 0.0 5 40 0.6 0.3| ad4s1a0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0| ad4s1b0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0| ad4s1c0 106 2 214 5.0 102 893 4.7 23.4| ad4s1d0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0| ad70 5 0 0 0.0 5 40 0.3 0.1| ad5s1a0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0| ad5s1b0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0| ad5s1c0 108 0 0 0.0 106 893 4.7 24.1| ad5s1d0 4 0 0 0.0 4 40 0.8 0.3| mirror/gm0s1a,
