1、专业英语八级模拟试卷 389及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Directions: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture.
2、 When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. 0 Introduction Linguistics has both practical and philosophical motivations. So both the first and second e
3、ditions of this text were directed toward students of many【 1】 . This third edition continues and further develops this approach. We have aimed to dispel a number of myths about language and to discuss the various aspects of language from both an【 2】 and current point of view. Part one is “The Natur
4、e of Human Language. “ Then we discuss speech sounds or【 3】 and includes a passage on machines that “talk“ and “understand“. On phonology we demonstrate how sounds form【 4】 . Because of this, written forms of language are very late in the history of human language. Then we discuss other【 5】aspects o
5、f language how words are formed; what words, phrases, and sentences mean; and how words are put together to form sentences. Morphology, semantics, syntax are very important in our discussion and take an important role. In “Social Aspects of Language, “ we consider language in【 6】 and how languages c
6、hange over time. In “The【 7】 Aspects of Language, “we talk about child language, animal communication systems and brain【 8】 underlying language knowledge and use. Also, the【 9】 languages of the deaf are discussed in greater detail. The newest findings on whether chimpanzees and gorillas can learn la
7、nguage are presented. In every lesson the【 10】 underlying the diversity of phenomena observed in human language are highlighted. SECTION B INTERVIEW Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based
8、on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview. 11 According to the talk show hostess, creative industries in the UK often attract_. （ A） young people （ B） old people （ C） postgraduates （ D） gradua
9、tes 12 According to Mr. Smith, which of the following statements is CORRECT? （ A） One needs to work as a carpenter before doing film-editing. （ B） Useful contacts should be purchased by money. （ C） One must work very hard if he/she wants to start up a creative career. （ D） The more one gets establis
10、hed, the fewer contacts one will hav 13 According to Mr. Smith, his social life_. （ A） is organized outside of his field of work （ B） is often established upon work collaborations （ C） is rather confined to his own family （ D） is indeed humdrum because he is completely on his own 14 According to Mr.
11、 Smith, what has changed his way of work so that it doesnt matter where he is working? （ A） The personal computer. （ B） The Internet. （ C） The advanced filming technology. （ D） The broadban 15 During the interview, Mr. Smith indicates that_. （ A） the creative industries in the UK are attracting crea
12、tive talents from abroad （ B） the creative industries are less competitive than the traditional industries （ C） those who plan to take up creative jobs should be determined and focused （ D） creative job holders always earn much more than those in other industries SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST Directions:
13、 In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions. 16 According to Magdalena Alvarez, at least_survivors died hours after the accident. （ A） 19 （ B） 26 （
14、C） 6 （ D） 153 17 Which of the following statements about the crash is TRUE? （ A） The number.of casualties was 153 on Wednesday. （ B） There accident killed 172 passengers on board. （ C） The crash took place when the plane was landing. （ D） The crash was caused probably by the engine fire. 18 Accordin
15、g to the news, which of the following statements is TRUE? （ A） Humphrey Lyttelton is known to the radio listeners as a weather broadcaster. （ B） Humphrey Lyttelton sought his fame as a guitar player and band leader in the 1940s. （ C） Humphrey Lyttelton produced his first British jazz record which en
16、tered the top 20. （ D） Humphrey Lyttelton continued recording and touring with his band until 1970s. 19 More than two hundred years ago, the bagpipes were prohibited as （ A） noisy nuisances. （ B） arms involved in wars. （ C） anti-social pipes. （ D） national instruments. 20 According to the news, UEFA
17、A. （ A） could not agree with Sir Blatter, the president of FIFA. （ B） insisted on restricting the number of foreign players. （ C） attributed the success of English teams to foreign players. （ D） proposed a limit of five foreign players in each team. 20 Vibrations in the ground are a poorly understoo
18、d but probably widespread means of communication between animals. It seems unlikely that these animals could have detected seismic “pre-shocks“ that were missed by the sensitive vibration-detecting equipment that clutters the worlds earthquake laboratories. But it is possible. And the fact that many
19、 animal species behave strangely before other natural events such as storms, and that they have the ability to detect others of their species at distances which the familiar human senses could not manage, is well established. Such observations have led some to suggest that these animals have a kind
20、of extra-sensory perception. What is more likely, though, is that they have an extra sensea form of perception that people lack. The best guess is that they can feel and understand vibrations that are transmitted through the ground. Almost all the research done into animal signalling has been on sig
21、ht, hearing and smell, because these are senses that people possess. Humans have no sense organs designed specifically to detect terrestrial vibrations. But, according to researchers who have been meeting in Chicago at a symposium of the society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, this anthropo
22、centric approach has meant that interactions via vibrations of the ground (a means of communication known as seismic signalling) have been almost entirely over-looked. These researchers believe that such signals are far more common than biologists had realizedand that they could explain a lot of oth
23、erwise inexplicable features of animal behaviour. Until recently, the only large mammal known to produce seismic signals was the elephant seal, a species whose notoriously aggressive bulls slug it out on beaches around the world for possession of harems of females. But Caitlin OConnell-Rodwell of St
24、anford University, who is one of the speakers at the symposium, suspects that a number of large terrestrial mammals, including rhinos, lions and elephants also use vibration as a means of communication. At any rate they produce loud noises that are transmitted through both the ground and the airand
25、that can travel farther in the first than in the second. Elephants, according to Dr. OConnell-Rodwell, can transmit signals through the ground this way for distances of as much as 50km when they trumpet, make mock charges or stomp their feet. A seismic sense could help to explain certain types of el
26、ephant behaviour. One is an apparent ability to detect thunderstorms well beyond the range that the sound of a storm can carry. Another is the foot-lifting that many elephants display prior to the arrival of another herd. Rather than scanning the horizon with their ears, elephants tend to freeze the
27、ir posture and raise and lower a single foot. This probably helps them to work out from which direction the vibrations are travellingrather as a person might stick a finger first in one ear and then in the other to work out the direction that a sound is coming from. In the past decade, many insects,
28、 spiders, scorpions, amphibians, reptiles and rodents, as well as large mammals, have been shown to use vibrations for purposes as diverse as territorial defense, mate location and prey detection. Lions, for example, have vibration detectors in their paws and probably use them in the same way as sco
29、rpions use their vibration detectorsto locate meals. Dr. Hill herself spent years trying to work out how prairie mole crickets, a highly territorial species of burrowing insect, manage to space themselves out underground. After many failed attempts to provoke a reaction by playing recordings of cric
30、ket song to them, she realized that they were actually more interested in her own footfalls than in the airborne music of their fellow crickets. This suggests that it is the seismic component of the song that the insects are picking up and using to distribute themselves. Whether any of this really h
31、as implications for such things as earthquake prediction is, of course, highly speculative. But it is a salutary reminder that the limitations of human senses can cause even competent scientists to overlook obvious lines of enquiry. Absence of evidence, it should always be remembered, is not evidenc
32、e of absence. 21 What is the basic difference between animals and men in perception? （ A） Animals can detect seismic “pre-shocks“. （ B） Animals can detect storms before they take place. （ C） Animals can sense others of their species at distances. （ D） Animals can sense vibrations transmitted through
33、 the groun 22 Which of the following mammals is sure to use vibration as a means of communication? （ A） Elephant seal. （ B） Elephant. （ C） Rhino. （ D） Lion. 23 Why does an elephant raise and lower a single foot before another herd arrives? （ A） To detect the direction of the sound. （ B） To detect th
34、e direction of the vibrations. （ C） To hear more clearly. （ D） To better sense the vibration. 24 Vibration is used to serve all of the following purposes EXCEPT_. （ A） to detect changes in the environment （ B） to find their partners （ C） to locate their preys （ D） to protect themselves 25 What concl
35、usion can be drawn from the passage? （ A） Earthquake prediction is highly possible. （ B） The limitations of human sense will lead to the limitations of humans ability. （ C） Some scientists have overlooked some hidden abilities in human. （ D） Being lacking in evidence doesnt mean its absenc 25 Consid
36、ering how jazz is transcribed in Chinese (jueshi), you may be misled into assuming that it is an aristocratic cultural form. Nothing could be further from the truth. It originated among black Americans at the end of the 19th century, at a time when they occupied the very bottom of the American socia
37、l heap. So how has something that was created by a once downtrodden and despised minority acquired a central place in todays American culture? Mr. Darrell A. Jenks, director of the American Center for Educational Exchange, and also a drummer in the jazz band Window, analyses the phenomenon for us he
38、re. Perhaps the essence of America is that you could never get two Americans to agree on just what that might be. After thinking about it for a while, we might chuckle and say, “Hmm, seems like being American is a bit more complicated than we thought. “ Certainly things like individualism, success (
39、the “American Dream“), innovation and tolerance stand out. But these things come together because of our ability to work with one another and find common purpose no matter how diverse we might be. Some, like African-American writer Ralph Ellison, believe that jazz captures the essence of America. Fo
40、r good reason, for in jazz all of the characteristics I mentioned above come together. The solos are a celebration of individual brilliance that cant take place without the group efforts of the rhythm section. Beyond that, though, jazz has a connection to the essence of America in a much more fundam
41、ental way. It is an expression of the African roots of American culture, a musical medium that exemplifies the culture of the Africans whose culture came to dominate much of what is American. Thats right, in many respects Americas roots are in Africa. Read Ralph Ellisons perceptive description of th
42、e transformation of separate African and European cultures at the hands of the slaves: “. the dancing of those slaves who, looking through the windows of a plantation manor house from the yard, imitated the steps so gravely performed by the masters within and then added to them their own special fla
43、ir, burlesquing the white folks and then going on to force the steps into a choreography uniquely their own. The whites, looking out at the activity in the yard, thought that they were being flattered by imitation and were amused by the incongruity of tattered blacks dancing courtly steps, while mis
44、sing completely the fact that before their eyes a European cultural form was becoming Americanized, undergoing a metamorphosis through the mocking activity of a people partially sprung from Africa. “ (Ralph Ellison, Living with Music, pp 83-84). Jazz brought together elements from Africa and Europe,
45、 fusing them into a new culture, an expression unique to the Americans. Out of this fusion came an idea that we Americans believe central to our identity: tolerance. Both cultures represented in Ellisons passage eventually came to realize each others value. Americans acknowledge that in diversity is
46、 our strength. We learn every day that other cultures and peoples may make valuable contributions to our way of life. Jazz music is the embodiment of this ideal, combining elements from African and European cultures into a distinctly American music. Jazz reflects two contradictory facets of American
47、 life. On the one hand it is a team effort, where every musician is completely immersed in what the group does together, listening to each of the other players and building on their contributions to create a musical whole. On the other hand, the band features a soloist who is an individual at the ex
48、treme, a genius like Charlie Parker who explores musical territory where no one has ever gone before. In the same sense, American life is also a combination of teamwork and individualism, a combination of individual brilliance with the ability to work with others. We hope that many Chinese friends c
49、an bring their own unique contributions to our music, adding their own culture to our American heritage. As Ralph Ellison said of the US, “We have the Bill of Rights, the Constitution, and we have jazz. “ 26 Which of the following words in Paragraph 1 CANNOT serve to indicate the statement “Nothing could be further from the truth. ”? （ A） aristocratic （ B） bottom （ C） misled （ D） heap 27 What does the first sentence of Paragraph 3 imply? （ A） Americans could hardly agree with each other. （ B） Its hard to define what is the essence of A
