1、Designation: D 5453 08aAn American National StandardStandard Test Method forDetermination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, SparkIgnition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel, and Engine Oil byUltraviolet Fluorescence1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5453; the number immediately
2、 following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test
3、 method covers the determination of total sulfurin liquid hydrocarbons, boiling in the range from approxi-mately 25 to 400C, with viscosities between approximately0.2 and 20 cSt (mm2/S) at room temperature.1.2 Three separate interlaboratory studies (ILS) on preci-sion, and three other investigations
4、 that resulted in an ASTMresearch report, have determined that this test method isapplicable to naphthas, distillates, engine oil, ethanol, FattyAcid Methyl Ester (FAME), and engine fuel such as gasoline,oxygen enriched gasoline (ethanol blends, E-85, M-85, RFG),diesel, biodiesel, diesel/biodiesel b
5、lends, and jet fuel. Samplescontaining 1.0 to 8000 mg/kg total sulfur can be analyzed(Note 1).NOTE 1Estimates of the pooled limit of quantification (PLOQ) for theprecision studies were calculated. Values ranged between less than 1.0 andless than 5.0 mg/kg (see Section 8 and 15.1).1.3 This test metho
6、d is applicable for total sulfur determi-nation in liquid hydrocarbons containing less than 0.35 %(m/m) halogen(s).1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafet
7、y concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For warningstatements, see 3.1, 6.3, 6.4, Section 7, and 8.1.2. Referenced
8、Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodD 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density ofLiquids by Digital Density MeterD 4057 Practice for Manual Samplin
9、g of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD 6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assuranceand Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate AnalyticalMeasurement System Performance3. Summary of Test Method3.1 A hydrocarbon sample
10、 is either directly injected orplaced in a sample boat. The sample or boat, or both, is insertedinto a high temperature combustion tube where the sulfur isoxidized to sulfur dioxide (SO2) in an oxygen rich atmosphere.Water produced during the sample combustion is removed andthe sample combustion gas
11、es are next exposed to ultraviolet(UV) light. The SO2absorbs the energy from the UV light andis converted to excited sulfur dioxide (SO2*). The fluorescenceemitted from the excited SO2* as it returns to a stable state,SO2, is detected by a photomultiplier tube and the resultingsignal is a measure of
12、 the sulfur contained in the sample.(WarningExposure to excessive quantities of ultraviolet(UV) light is injurious to health. The operator must avoidexposing any part of their person, especially their eyes, notonly to direct UV light but also to secondary or scatteredradiation that is present.)1This
13、 test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.03.01 on Atomic Absorption Methods.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2008. Published February 2008. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition ap
14、proved in 2008 as D 545308.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section app
15、ears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Significance and Use4.1 Some process catalysts used in petroleum and chemicalrefining can be poisoned when trace amounts of sulfur bearingmaterials ar
16、e contained in the feedstocks. This test method canbe used to determine sulfur in process feeds sulfur in finishedproducts, and can also be used for purposes of regulatorycontrol.5. Apparatus5.1 FurnaceAn electric furnace held at a temperature(1075 6 25C) sufficient to pyrolyze all of the sample and
17、oxidize sulfur to SO2.5.2 Combustion TubeA quartz combustion tube con-structed to allow the direct injection of the sample into theheated oxidation zone of the furnace or constructed so that theinlet end of the tube is large enough to accommodate a quartzsample boat. The combustion tube must have si
18、de arms for theintroduction of oxygen and carrier gas. The oxidation sectionshall be large enough (see Fig. 1) to ensure complete combus-tion of the sample. Fig. 1 depicts conventional combustiontubes. Other configurations are acceptable if precision is notdegraded.5.3 Flow ControlThe apparatus must
19、 be equipped withflow controllers capable of maintaining a constant supply ofoxygen and carrier gas.5.4 Drier TubeThe apparatus must be equipped with amechanism for the removal of water vapor. The oxidationreaction produces water vapor which must be eliminated priorto measurement by the detector. Th
20、is can be accomplished witha membrane drying tube, or a permeation dryer, that utilizes aselective capillary action for water removal.5.5 UV Fluorescence DetectorA qualitative and quantita-tive detector capable of measuring light emitted from thefluorescence of sulfur dioxide by UV light.5.6 Microli
21、tre SyringeA microlitre syringe capable ofaccurately delivering 5 to 20-L quantities. The needle shall be50 mm (65 mm) long.5.7 Sample Inlet SystemEither of two types of sampleinlet systems can be used.5.7.1 Direct InjectionA direct injection inlet system mustbe capable of allowing the quantitative
22、delivery of the materialto be analyzed into an inlet carrier stream which directs thesample into the oxidation zone at a controlled and repeatablerate. A syringe drive mechanism which discharges the samplefrom the microlitre syringe at a rate of approximately 1 L/s isrequired. For example, see Fig.
23、2.5.7.2 Boat Inlet SystemAn extended combustion tubeprovides a seal to the inlet of the oxidation area and is swept bya carrier gas. The system provides an area to position thesample carrying mechanism (boat) at a retracted positionFIG. 1 Conventional Combustion TubesD 5453 08a2removed from the furn
24、ace. The boat drive mechanism willfully insert the boat into the hottest section of the furnace inlet.The sample boats and combustion tube are constructed ofquartz. The combustion tube provides a cooling jacket for thearea in which the retracted boat rests awaiting sample intro-duction from a microl
25、itre syringe. A drive mechanism whichadvances and withdraws the sample boat into and out of thefurnace at a controlled and repeatable rate is required. Forexample, see Fig. 3.5.8 Refrigerated CirculatorAn adjustable apparatus ca-pable of delivering a coolant material at a constant temperatureas low
26、as 4C could be required when using the boat inletinjection method (optional).5.9 Strip Chart Recorder, (optional).5.10 Balance, with a precision of 60.01 mg (optional).6. Reagents6.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that allr
27、eagents shall conform to the specifications of the Committeeon Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society,where such specifications are available.3Other grades may beused, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is ofsufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening th
28、eaccuracy of the determination.6.2 Inert GasArgon or helium only, high purity grade(that is, chromatography or zero grade), 99.998 % minimumpurity, moisture 5 ppm w/w maximum.6.3 OxygenHigh purity (that is, chromatography or zerograde), 99.75 % minimum purity, moisture 5 ppm w/w maxi-mum, dried over
29、 molecular sieves. (WarningVigorouslyaccelerates combustion.)6.4 Toluene, Xylenes, Isooctane, reagent grade (other sol-vents similar to those occurring in samples to be analyzed arealso acceptable). Correction for sulfur contribution from sol-vents (solvent blank) used in standard preparation and sa
30、mplespecimen dilution is required. Alternatively, use of a solventwith nondetectable level of sulfur contamination relative to thesulphur content in the sample unknown makes the blankcorrection unnecessary. (WarningFlammable solvents.)6.5 Dibenzothiophene, FW184.26, 17.399 % (m/m) S (Note2).6.6 Buty
31、l Sulfide, FW146.29, 21.92 % (m/m) S (Note 2).6.7 Thionaphthene (Benzothiophene), FW134.20, 23.90 %(m/m) S (Note 2).NOTE 2A correction for chemical impurity can be required.6.8 Quartz Wool.6.9 Sulfur Stock Solution, 1000 g S/mLPrepare a stocksolution by accurately weighing approximately 0.5748 g ofd
32、ibenzothiophene or 0.4562 g of butyl sulfide or 0.4184 g ofthionaphthene into a tared 100 mL volumetric flask. Dilute to3Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemica
33、l Society, see Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.FIG. 2 Direct Inject Syringe DriveD 5453 08a3volume with selected solvent. This stock can be furt
34、her dilutedto desired sulfur concentration (Notes 3-6).NOTE 3Working standards that simulate or match the composition ormatrix of the samples analyzed can reduce test result bias between directinject and boat sample inlet systems.NOTE 4Working standards should be remixed on a regular basisdepending
35、upon frequency of use and age. Typically, stock solutions havea useful life of about 3 months.NOTE 5Calibration standards can be prepared and diluted on amass/mass basis when result calculations are adjusted to accommodatethem.NOTE 6Calibration standards from commercial sources can be used ifchecked
36、 for accuracy and if precision is not degraded.6.10 Quality Control (QC) Samples, preferably are portionsof one or more liquid petroleum materials that are stable andrepresentative of the samples of interest. These QC samplescan be used to check the validity of the testing process asdescribed in Sec
37、tion 14.7. Hazards7.1 High temperature is employed in this test method. Extracare must be exercised when using flammable materials nearthe oxidative pyrolysis furnace.8. Sampling8.1 Obtain a test unit in accordance with Practice D 4057 orPractice D 4177. To preserve volatile components which are ins
38、ome samples, do not uncover samples any longer thannecessary. Samples shall be analyzed as soon as possible aftertaking from bulk supplies to prevent loss of sulfur or contami-nation due to exposure or contact with sample container.(WarningSamples that are collected at temperatures belowroom tempera
39、ture can undergo expansion and rupture thecontainer. For such samples, do not fill the container to the top;leave sufficient air space above the sample to allow room forexpansion.)8.2 If the test unit is not used immediately, then thoroughlymix in its container prior to taking a test specimen.9. Pre
40、paration of Apparatus9.1 Assemble and leak check apparatus according to manu-facturers instructions.9.2 Adjust the apparatus, depending upon the method ofsample introduction, to meet conditions described in Table 1.9.3 Adjust the instrument sensitivity and baseline stabilityand perform instrument bl
41、anking procedures following manu-facturers guidelines.10. Calibration and Standardization10.1 Based on anticipated sulfur concentration, select one ofthe suggested curves outlined in Table 2. Narrower ranges thanthose indicated may be used, if desired. However, the testmethod precision using narrowe
42、r ranges than those indicatedhave not been determined. Ensure the standards used forcalibration bracket the concentrations of the samples beingFIG. 3 Boat Inlet SystemD 5453 08a4analyzed. Carefully prepare a series of calibration standardsaccordingly. Make other volumetric dilutions of the stocksolu
43、tion to cover the various ranges of operation within thesecalibration curve guidelines. The number of standards used percurve can vary, if equivalent results are obtained.10.2 Flush the microlitre syringe several times with thesample prior to analysis. If bubbles are present in the liquidcolumn, flu
44、sh the syringe and withdraw a new sample.10.3 A sample size recommended for the curve selectedfrom Table 2 must be quantitatively measured prior to injectioninto the combustion tube or delivery into the sample boat foranalysis (Note 7 and Note 8). There are two alternativetechniques available.NOTE 7
45、Injection of a constant or similar sample size for all materialsanalyzed in a selected operating range promotes consistent combustionconditions.NOTE 8Injection of 10 L of the 100 ng/L standard would establisha calibration point equal to 1000 ng or 1.0 g.10.3.1 The volumetric measurement of the injec
46、ted materialcan be obtained by filling the syringe to the selected level.Retract the plunger so that air is aspirated and the lower liquidmeniscus falls on the 10 % scale mark and record the volumeof liquid in the syringe. After injection, again retract theplunger so that the lower liquid meniscus f
47、alls on the 10 %scale mark and record the volume of liquid in the syringe. Thedifference between the two volume readings is the volume ofsample injected (Note 9).NOTE 9An automatic sampling and injection device can be used inplace of the described manual injection procedure.10.3.2 Fill the syringe a
48、s described in 10.3.1. Weigh thedevice before and after injection to determine the amount ofsample injected. This procedure can provide greater accuracythan the volume delivery method, provided a balance with aprecision of 60.01 mg is used.10.4 Once the appropriate sample size has been measuredinto
49、the microlitre syringe, promptly and quantitatively deliverthe sample into the apparatus. Again, there are two alternativetechniques available.10.4.1 For direct injection, carefully insert the syringe intothe inlet of the combustion tube and the syringe drive. Allowtime for sample residues to be burned from the needle (NeedleBlank). Once a stable baseline has reestablished, promptly startthe analysis. Remove syringe once the apparatus has returnedto a stable baseline.10.4.2 For the boat inlet, quantitatively discharge the con-tents of the syri
