1、Designation: D7453 09 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Practice forSampling of Petroleum Products for Analysis by ProcessStream Analyzers and for Process Stream Analyzer SystemValidation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7453; the number immediately following the designation indicates th
2、e year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe primary focus of sampling petroleum product is
3、 the timely presentation of the sample for (1)analysis by online analyzers, (2) validation of an analyzer system and (3) collecting a compositesample for batch physical property determination. Sediment, free water, rust, and other contaminantsfound in the sample may be removed in the sample conditio
4、ning system to protect the hardware andanalytical systems. If a sample is being collected for later analysis, the sample receiver must not alteror degrade the physical make up of the sample in any way. If a sample is being feed to an analyzeror sampled for latter determination of water or particulat
5、e contamination then filtering is not an option.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the performance requirements forsample systems employed to deliver process stream samples(1) to analyzer system for analyses or (2) for analyzervalidation or (3) for composite sample systems. It also outlinesthe selecti
6、on and operation of line or batch sampling equipmentintended for analyzer flow proportioned average property valuesystem validation. Sample handling, mixing, and conditioningprocedures are required to ensure that a representative sampleof the liquid petroleum product is collected from the samplingso
7、urce.1.2 Applicable FluidsThis practice is applicable to singleliquid phase petroleum products whose vapor pressure atsampling and sample storage conditions is less than or equal to110 kPa (16.0 psi), and, with a D86 final boiling point less thanor equal to 400 C (752 F).1.2.1 Specialized sample han
8、dling may be necessary tomaintain sample integrity of more volatile materials at hightemperatures or extended residence time in the receiver. Suchhandling requirements are not within the scope of this practice.Users should consult the analytical methods to be performed onthe sample for special sampl
9、e storage or conditioning require-ments.1.3 Some or all of the processes outlined in this practicemay be applicable to other liquids. Applying this practice toother liquids will require the consideration of additionalmethods and practices. It is the responsibility of the user of thisstandard to iden
10、tify any and all applicable safety and samplingconsiderations and establish appropriate procedures to handlethese additional considerations.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport
11、to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D3764 P
12、ractice for Validation of the Performance of ProcessStream Analyzer SystemsD6122 Practice for Validation of the Performance of Multi-variate Online, At-Line, and Laboratory Infrared Spectro-photometer Based Analyzer SystemsD6624 Practice for Determining a Flow-Proportioned Aver-age Property Value (F
13、PAPV) for a Collected Batch ofProcess Stream Material Using Stream Analyzer Data1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee D02.25 on Performance Assessment and Validation of Proce
14、ss StreamAnalyzer Systems.Current edition approved April 1, 2015. Published May 2015. Originallyapproved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D7453 09. DOI:10.1520/D7453-09R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at servi
15、ceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D7278 Guide for Prediction ofAnalyzer Sample System LagTi
16、mes3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 analyzer unit response time, ntime interval betweenthe introduction of a step change in property characteristic atthe inlet of the analyzer unit and when the analyzer outputindicates a value corresponding to 99.5 % of the subsequentchange in analyzer results.3.
17、1.2 automatic sampler, ndevice used to repetitivelyextract an grab and collect a representative sample of a batchor process stream.3.1.3 automatic sampling system, nsystem consisting of asample probe, sample fast cycle loop, sample supply linestream conditioning, an automatic sampler and an associat
18、edcontroller, a flow measuring device, and sample holding,mixing and handling capabilities.3.1.4 batch, nterm referring to a volume or parcel beingtransferred.3.1.5 flow proportional sampler, nsampler designed toautomatically adjust the sampling rate to be proportional to theflow rate of the stream.
19、3.1.6 grab, nvolume of sample extracted from a batch bya single actuation of the sample extractor.3.1.7 lag time, ntime required for material to travel frompoint A to point B in the total analyzer system (points A and Bare user-defined).3.1.8 line sample, nprocess material that can be safelywithdraw
20、n from a sample port and associated facilities locatedanywhere in the total analyzer system without significantlyaltering the property of interest.3.1.9 primary test method (PTM), nASTM or other estab-lished standard test method that produces results accepted asthe reference measure of a property.3.
21、1.10 sample conditioning unit lag time, n time requiredfor material to flow from the sample conditioning unit inlet tothe analyzer unit inlet.3.1.11 sample fast cycle loop, na system that continuallyand rapidly transports a representative sample of processmaterial from the sample probe past the samp
22、le supply line andreturns the remaining material to the process.3.1.11.1 sample fast loop lag time, ntime required formaterial to transport from the product takeoff point of thesample loop to the sample conditioning unit inlet.3.1.12 total analyzer system response time, ntime intervalbetween the whe
23、n a step change in property characteristicarrives at the sample loop inlet and when the analyzer outputindicates a value corresponding to 99.5 % of the subsequentchange in analyzer results.3.1.12.1 DiscussionThe total analyzer system responsetime is the sum of the sample fast loop lag time, the samp
24、leconditioning unit lag time, and the analyzer unit response time.3.1.13 validation, nstatistically quantified judgment thatthe analyzer system or subsystem being assessed can producepredicted PTM results with acceptable precision and biasperformance when compared to actual results from a primarytes
25、t method measurement system for common materials.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Analyzer measurement systems require a processsample that is delivered in a timely manner commensurate withthe analyzer and process cycle time at pressure, temperatureand flow conditions meeting system requirements, is free o
26、fcontaminants, and is representative of the process stream.4.2 Line samples collected from the process or blenderstream need to accurately reflect the composition of theanalyzer feed stream. This is accomplished by taking intoaccount the total analyzer system response time in order toproperly valida
27、te online analyzer systems.4.3 This practice describes functional requirements thatneed to be addressed in the design and operation of automaticsampling equipment. Automatic sampling equipment is used toobtain a representative batch sample for use in validating ananalyzer system or flow proportioned
28、 average property valueand for manufactured batch quality testing.5. Significance and Use5.1 Analyzer systems require representative samples ofpetroleum products delivered in a timely manner to (1)facilitate the control of process or blending units or (2)calculate a flow proportioned property value.
29、5.2 Representative samples of petroleum products are re-quired for the determination of chemical and physical proper-ties. These properties are used to establish the relationshipbetween the analyzer system and the primary test methodduring initial and ongoing validation of the system.5.3 Representat
30、ive samples of petroleum products are testedto determine the chemical and physical properties of a batchoffered for tender.6. Sample Delivery and Conditioning Requirements forProcess Stream Analyzers6.1 The sample will be delivered from the sample stream tothe analyzer inlet for measurement in the m
31、inimum realisticperiod of time possible.6.1.1 When sampling from processes that normally operatein steady state mode, not subject to scheduled operationalvariable(s) step changes that directly impact the measuredvariable, the sample fast loop lag time shall be as short aspractically possible. It is
32、recommended that where possible, thesample fast loop lag time should be less than the analyzerresponse time. A minimum realistic time is two minutes.NOTE 1Guide D7278 can be used for the prediction of analyzersample system lag times. Refer to Practice D3764 for analyzer unitresponse time information
33、.6.1.2 Sampling from processes that are subject to scheduledoperational variable(s) step changes that directly impact themeasured variable requires knowledge of the shortest intervalbetween scheduled step changes. The total analyzer systemresponse time shall be less than the shortest interval betwee
34、nscheduled step changesD7453 09 (2015)26.2 The sample system shall deliver the sample to theanalyzer without alteration of the properties of interest.6.2.1 The sample systems shall not cause any unintendedphase changes in the sample during its transport to theanalyzer.6.3 Filtration and CoalescingTh
35、e sample stream shouldbe filtered or suitably treated to remove contaminants such asrust, sediments, and foreign matter. Free and dissolved waternot intended to be quantified or analyzed should be removed bycoalescing, chilling, or filtration. The porosity of the filtershould be selected for effecti
36、ve removal of contaminants thatcan cause immediate or long term damage to the systemhardware including build up and plugging of system solenoidsand valves.6.4 Temperature and PressureSample temperature andpressure shall be conditioned to a safe working range asdetermined by the sample handling requi
37、rements and equip-ment limitations. There shall be no bubbling or frothing duringsampling.6.4.1 Some primary test methods require storing the samplewithin a prescribed temperature range. These requirementsneed to be identified and addressed in the sampler design.7. Line Sample Requirements7.1 Where
38、possible, the line sample point should in closeproximity to the process takeoff point of the sample loop.NOTE 2Filters, coalescers, and temperature conditioning units may berequired to make the sample stream safe to sample.7.2 Validate and document the lag time of the line samplepoint from the sampl
39、e stream and the lag time from the samplepoint to the analyzer inlet. This data is required in PracticeD3764 or Practice D6122 for analyzer validation. GuideD7278 may also be used.7.3 Use a sample container and any sample containerconditioning procedures defined in the PTM.7.3.1 The sample point sha
40、ll be flushed with three times thevolume of the sample system from the tie into the analyzersample supply to the sample outlet. See Fig. 1.7.3.2 The sample probe shall reach the bottom of the samplecontainer when sampling.7.3.2.1 The bottom of the sample probe shall have a 45relief cut.7.3.3 Flush t
41、he sample container to remove contaminantsand saturate the vapor phase with hydrocarbons.NOTE 3Samples to be analyzed for vapor pressure require specialhandling, and the appropriate standard test method should be reviewed forrequirements.7.3.4 After a container has been flushed with sample, itshould
42、 be filled immediately so the vapor space in the containerstays fully saturated with hydrocarbon and the bottle tempera-ture is similar to the sample.7.3.5 Throttle the flow into the sample container at the startof the filling process so the sample is introduced slowly,without turbulence, until ther
43、e is enough volume so thatincreasing the flow does not cause bubbling or frothing. If theinitial fill rate is too fast, properly dispose of the extractedsample and then refill the sample container to maintain sampleintegrity.7.3.6 Seal the sample container and label as required.NOTE 4The analyzer re
44、ading may need to be documented at the timeof filling for validation samples.8. Automatic Sampling systems8.1 An automatic composite sample collecting system con-sists of sample conditioning upstream of the sampling location,a device to physically extract a grab from the sample loop, aflow measureme
45、nt device for flow proportioning, a means toFIG. 1 Diagram Line SampleD7453 09 (2015)3control the total volume of sample extracted, a sample receiverto collect and store the grabs and, depending on the system, asample receiver/mixing system. See Fig. 2. Unique propertiesof the petroleum product bein
46、g sampled may require theindividual components or the entire system be insulated, orheated, or both. Since the sample is collected throughout a fullbatch, the analysis of this sample can be used to validate theanalyzer flow proportioned average property value calculatedby Practice D6624.9. Procedure
47、9.1 Sampling Frequency:9.1.1 The sample shall be extracted in a flow proportionedmanner9.1.2 The grab volume shall be consistent throughout thebatch.9.1.2.1 The variation between the maximum and minimumgrab volume will not exceed 10 % of the set grab volume.9.1.3 The batch will be sampled at a minim
48、um of once every16 m3(100 barrels) of sample stream flow past the sampleprobe.9.1.4 Collect the maximum number of grabs from the batchthat the equipments extraction frequency, extraction grab size,and volume limitations will allow. Increasing the number ofgrabs will make the composite sample more re
49、presentative ofthe total batch.9.1.4.1 The minimum sample receiver volume is determinedby the sample container requirements of the PTM used toanalyze the sample.9.1.4.2 The optimum sampling frequency is the maximumnumber of grabs which may be obtained from any parceloperating within the extraction frequency and grab volumelimitations of the equipment.9.1.5 The maximum sampling frequency will not exceed thecapability of the sampling hardware.9.2 Sampling Systems:9.2.1 Select a sample storage device that will not affect theproperties of interest over the pe
