1、Designation: F 1166 07Standard Practice forHuman Engineering Design for Marine Systems, Equipment,and Facilities1, 2This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1166; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides ergonomic design criteria from ahuman-machine perspective for the design and construction
3、 ofmaritime vessels and structures and for equipments, systems,and subsystems contained therein, including vendor-purchasedhardware and software.1.1.1 The focus of these design criteria is on the design andevaluation of human-machine interfaces, including the inter-faces between humans on the one si
4、de and controls anddisplays, physical environments, structures, consoles, panelsand workstations, layout and arrangement of ship spaces,maintenance workplaces, labels and signage, alarms, computerscreens, material handling, valves, and other specific equip-ments on the other.1.2 The criteria contain
5、ed within this practice shall beapplied to the design and construction of all hardware andsoftware within a ship or maritime structure that the humancrew members come in contact in any manner for operation,habitability, and maintenance purposes.1.3 Unless otherwise stated in specific provisions of a
6、 shipor maritime structure design contract or specification, thispractice is to be used to design maritime vessels, structures,equipment, systems, and subsystems to fit the full potentialuser population range of 5th % females to 95th % males.1.4 This practice is divided into the following sections a
7、ndsubsections:TABLE OF CONTENTSSection andSubsectionsTitle1 Scope2 Referenced Documents3 Terminology4 Significance and Use5 Controls5.1 Principles of Control Design5.2 General Design GuidelinesTABLE OF CONTENTSSection andSubsectionsTitle5.3 Control Movement5.4 Control Spacing5.5 Coding of Controls5.
8、6 Control Use and Design6 Displays6.1 Visual Displays6.2 Location, Orientation, Lighting, and Arrangement of Displays6.3 Display Illumination6.4 Display Types6.5 Audible Displays7 Alarms7.1 General Alarm Requirements7.2 Visual Alarms7.3 Audible Alarms7.4 Voice Messages7.5 Alarm Initiation Stations7.
9、6 Alarm Requirements by IMO8 Integration of Controls, Displays, and Alarms8.1 Principles of Design8.2 Grouping RelationshipsPrinciples of Arrangement8.3 Separating Groupings8.4 Position Relationships of Displays and Alarms8.5 Position Relationships of Controls to Associated Displays andAlarms8.6 Con
10、trol and Display Movement Relationships8.7 Spatial Relationship Between Controls, Displays, and Equipment8.8 Alternative Approach to Grouping Design8.9 Special Requirements for Control and Display Integration onBridges9 Anthropometry9.1 General Design Requirements9.2 Static Anthropometric Data10 Wor
11、kplace Arrangements10.1 Basic Principles of Workplace Design10.2 Seated Workstation10.3 Standing Workstation10.4 Kneeling Workstation10.5 Squatting Workstation10.6 Shelving10.7 Status Boards and File Cabinets10.8 Work Benches10.9 Vertical Strainers and Filters10.10 Reach Limitations at Workstations1
12、0.11 Safety Eyewash Fountains and Showers10.12 Pedestal-Mounted Controls and Displays10.13 Hand Cranks and Pumps10.14 Bulkhead-Mounted Equipment10.15 Equipment Racks, Cabinets, and Individual Equipment Spacing10.16 Consoles and Control Panels10.17 Bridge Design11 Access Aids: Stairs, Handrails, Rail
13、ings, Vertical Ladders, Ramps,Doors, Lightening Holes, Hatches, Kick-Out Panels, Passagewaysand Walkways, and Work Platforms)11.1 Stairs, Ladders, and Ramps1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Ships andMarine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F2
14、5.07 onGeneral Requirements.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2007. Published April 2007. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as F 1166 95a (2000).2Auser-friendly format of this standard is available for download fromASTMswebsite. While the content is the same,ASTM Prac
15、tice F 1166 in standard publishedformat should be considered the official version (for any legal or liability purposes).1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.TABLE OF CONTENTSSection andSubsectionsTitle11.2 Stairs11.3 Ramps
16、11.4 Vertical Ladders11.5 Vertical Ladders with Safety Cages11.6 Vertical Ladders with Positive Fall Protection Devices11.7 Special Ladder Requirements11.8 Handle/Hand Grab11.9 Individual Rung Ladders11.10 D-Ring Ladders11.11 Handrails11.12 Walkways, Passageways, and Alternate Means of PersonnelMove
17、ment11.13 Elevated Work Platforms11.14 Hatches, Manways, Lightening Holes, Inspection Ports, and Kick-Out Panels11.15 Doors and Arches11.16 Permanent Means of Access (PMA)12 Valve Placement, Orientation, and Location12.1 General Design Requirements12.2 Valve Criticality and Location12.3 Valve-Mounti
18、ng Heights and Orientations: Handwheel Operated12.4 Valve-Mounting Heights and Orientations: Lever-Operated Valves12.5 Alternative Valve Orientations12.6 Valve Manifolds13 Human-Computer Interface13.1 General Design Requirements13.2 System Operations13.3 Computer Displays13.4 Display Content13.5 Dis
19、play Coding13.6 Dynamic Displays13.7 Display Format13.8 Textual Data Displays13.9 Graphic Displays13.10 Audio Displays13.11 Data Entry13.12 Interactive Control13.13 Graphic Controls13.14 Windows13.15 Menus13.16 Forms13.17 Alarms13.18 Language13.19 Feedback13.20 Prompts13.21 Defaults13.22 Error Manag
20、ement/Data Protection13.23 Data Security13.24 Help13.25 Software13.26 Data Transmission/Messaging13.27 Input Devices13.28 Cursors13.29 Printing14 Habitability14.1 Noise14.2 Indoor Climate14.3 Lighting14.4 Whole-body Vibration and Shock15 Labeling15.1 Design Criteria of Labels15.2 Abbreviations15.3 S
21、ymbols15.4 Component Labels on Consoles and Panels15.5 Equipment Identification Labels15.6 Electrical System Labels15.7 Room, Deck Space, and Void Identification Labels15.8 Pipe Marker Labels15.9 Safe Working Load Identification Labels15.10 Load Weight Identification Labels15.11 Hazard Identificatio
22、n Signs15.12 Information Signs15.13 Instruction Labels15.14 Graphical Schematics or Diagrams15.15 Orientation PlansTABLE OF CONTENTSSection andSubsectionsTitle15.16 Emergency Instructions16 Material Handling16.1 Design to Support Manual Material Lifting and Carrying16.2 Weight Lifting16.3 Weight Car
23、rying16.4 Design to Push for Manual Material Handling16.5 Design of Handles and Grasp Areas16.6 Design of Auxiliary Hoisting and Carrying Devices16.7 Hand Trucks and Wheeled Dollies16.8 Crane Design17 Maintenance17.1 General Design Requirements17.2 Maintenance Accessibility17.3 Maintenance Environme
24、nts17.4 Lubrication17.5 Cases17.6 Covers17.7 Fasteners17.8 Hatches, Manways, Lightening Holes for Maintenance Access17.9 Diagnostics and Troubleshooting17.10 Equipment Modularization17.11 Equipment Mounting and Installation17.12 Standardization17.13 Electrical Wires and Cables17.14 Conductors17.15 C
25、onnectors17.16 Test Equipment17.17 Fuses and Circuit Breakers17.18 Hydraulic Systems17.19 Stored Energy Devices17.20 Pipe Flanges, Spools, and Blinds17.21 Test and Sample Points18 Hazards and Safety18.1 Safety Labels, Signs, and Excluded Area Markings18.2 General Workplace Hazards18.3 General Equipm
26、ent-Related Hazards18.4 Electrical Hazards18.5 Mechanical Hazards18.6 Fluid Hazards18.7 Safety Barriers18.8 Fall Protection18.9 Emergency Egress19 Communications19.1 Communication System Requirements19.2 Microphones19.3 Headsets19.4 Loudspeakers19.5 Telephone SystemsAppendixX1Human Factors Engineeri
27、ng (HFE) Design ChecklistLIST OF FIGURESFigure Title1 Control Movement Expectations2 Foot-Operated Switches Design Requirements3 Pedal Location and Design Requirements4 Lateral Spacing for Pedals5 Design Criteria for Discrete Rotary Controls6 Separation Requirements for Discrete Rotary Controls7 Dim
28、ension, Resistance, and Separation of Continuous RotaryControls8 Proper Mounting of Rapidly Operated Cranks9 Dimensions, Resistance, and Separations Required for Cranks10 Design Criteria for Pushbuttons11 Two Types of Legend Switches (Backlit Pushbuttons)12 Size, Displacement, and Resistance for Leg
29、end Switches13 Design Requirements for Various Types of Toggle Switches14 Design Requirements for Rocker Switches15 Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Discrete Slide SwitchControls16 Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Continuous SlideControls17 Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation
30、for Levers18 Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Slide Levers19 Dimensions, Displacement, and Separation of Push-Pull ControlsF1166072LIST OF FIGURESFigure Title20 Visual Lines of Sight21 Primary and Secondary Fields-of-View22 Design Criteria for Major, Intermediate, and Minor Scale Markings2
31、3 Scale Graduation, Pointer Position, and Scale Numbering Alterna-tives24 Scale Number Placement25 Color and Shape Coding of Ranges on an Analog Display26 Zero Position and Pointer Movement for Circular Dial Displays27 Aligned Pointers for Rapid Check Readings28 Digital Display Design Requirements29
32、 Grouping Controls and Displays by Common Function30 Grouping Controls and Displays by Individual Equipments31 Mirror-Imaged Arrangement of Individual Equipment Control andDisplay Groupings (Not Recommended)32 Grouping Controls and Displays by Common Equipment33 Grouping Controls and Displays by Seq
33、uence of Use34 Grouping with Physical Separation35 Grouping with Boundary Lines and Borders36 Grouping with Colored and Shaded Pads37 Grouping with Sub-panels38 Position of Individual Controls and Associated Displays for Right-Handed Operator39 Arrangement of Multiple Rows of Controls and Displays40
34、 Arrangement of Multiple Rows of Displays and a Single Row ofControls41 Positional Relationship between Alarm, Display, and Control42 Positional Relationship between Control Pointer and Status Indica-tor43 Control and Display Movement Relationship44 Spatial Relationship Between Controls, Displays, a
35、nd Equipment45 Spatial Relationships Between Equipment and Control Panels46 Spatial Relationships for Redundant Controls and Displays47 Panel Layout That Replicates Location of Equipment in RemoteSpace48 Mimic of Physical Equipment Functional Layout49 Mimic of Functional Groups Irrespective of Equip
36、ment Layout50 Standing Body Dimensions51 Seated Body Dimensions52 Depth and Breadth Dimensions53 Hand and Foot Dimensions54 Gloved Hand Dimensions55 Seated Workspace Dimensions56 Dimensions for a Computer Workstation57 Dimensions for Single or Multiple Personnel at a Table or OtherDuty Station Not R
37、equiring a Desk58 Seating at CRT-Type Workstations59 Clearance Behind a Seated Workstation60 Control Mounting Height for Seated Personnel61 Display Mounting Height for Seated Personnel62 Control Mounting Height for Standing Personnel63 Display Mounting Height for Standing Personnel64 Control Mountin
38、g Height for a Kneeling Person65 Display Mounting Height for Kneeling Personnel66 Required Dimensions for a Kneeling Worker67 Control Mounting Height for Squatting Personnel68 Display Mounting Heights for Squatting Personnel69 Required Dimensions for a Squatting Worker70 Workplace Dimensions for She
39、lves with Full Access71 Workplace Dimensions for Shelves Located Above a Cabinet72 Workplace Dimensions for Shelves Requiring Vision Over the Top73 Front Clearance Requirement for Lower Shelves74 Mounting Height of Status Boards75 Clearance in Front of Filing Cabinets76 Workbench Dimensions77 Safe R
40、each Distances Over an Obstacle or Barrier78 Mounting Heights for Bulkhead-Mounted Equipment in Passage-ways79 Mounting Heights for Common Electrical Fixtures80 Direct Spatial Relationships Between Controls and Equipment81 Spatial Relationship of Fore and Aft Equipment to Controls andDisplays on a C
41、onsole Located Athwartship82 Seated Single-Operator Console Dimensions83 Wraparound Seated Console84 Special Width Console85 Multi-Tiered Standing Console86 Multi-Tiered Seated ConsoleLIST OF FIGURESFigure Title87 Dimensions for Desktop Standing Console88 Cargo and Ballast Transfer Consoles89 Stair
42、Dimensions90 Straight Run Ramp Dimensions91 Ramp with Turning Platform92 Ramp with Switchback Turning Platform93 Vertical Ladder Dimensions94 Dimensions for a Vertical Ladder Arrangement95 Platform/Landing Dimensions for Vertical Ladder Penetration96 Caged Ladder Dimensions97 Cage Shape and Size98 L
43、adder and Climber Safety Device Dimensions99 Extended Railing for Ladder Fall Protection (Front View)100 Extended Railing for Ladder Fall Protection (Side View)101 Extended Railing and Cage for Ladder Fall Protection (Front View)102 Extended Railing and Cage for Ladder Fall Protection (Side View)103
44、 Handles or Hand Grabs for Use as Ladder Extensions104 Handle for Transition from a Ladder to an Intermediate Platform105 Recommended Design Criteria for Individual Rung Ladders106 Dimensions for D-Ring Ladders107 Fixed Handrail Design108 Removable Handrail Dimensions109 Special Handrail Design Dime
45、nsions110 Transition Handrail Dimensions111 Additional Personnel Movement-Related Design Features112 Dimensions for Rectangular Access Openings Installed in a Verti-cal Orientation Requiring a Step to Reach the Opening113 Dimensions for Rectangular, Square, and Round Hatches, Man-ways, and Lightenin
46、g Holes114 Dimensions for Lightening Holes115 Access to Vertical Escape Hatches116 Access to Overhead Hatch117 Access into a Cargo Hold Through a Raised Hatch118 Door Placement119 Desirable Upper Limits for Handwheel Torque120 Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves With Vertical Stems121 Mounting Hei
47、ghts for Handwheel Valves With Horizontal Stems122 Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves With Angled Stems123 Mounting Heights for Lever-Operated Valves With Vertical Stems124 Mounting Heights for Lever-Operated Valves With HorizontalStems125 Direction of Travel for Valve Levers Accessible From One
48、SideOnly126 Physical Reach from a Stooping or Squatting Position127 Mounting Position for Valve Levers and Handwheels Below Stand-ing Surface128 Orientation and Reach from Ladder Parallel to Valves129 Orientation and Reach from Ladder Perpendicular to Valves130 Operating Valves from a Ladder131 Valv
49、e Manifold for Tanks Located Athwartship132 Valve Manifold for Tanks Located Fore and Aft133 Valve Manifold for Fill, High-Suction, and Low-Suction Valves134 Default Push Button135 Push Button States136 Radio Buttons137 Check Boxes138 Slider Control139 Message Window Design140 Finger-Operated Displacement Joystick Specifications141 Trackball Dimensions, Resistance, and Clearance142 Permissible Noise Exposure Limits143 Large Enclosure Ventilation Requirements144 Surface Reflectance Values145 Health Guidance Zones for Limited Exposures146 Independent Symbols147 Guidelines for Labels on
