1、Designation: F1646 13F1646 16 An American National StandardStandard Terminology Relating toWalkway Safety and Traction for Footwear1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1646; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 ThisThe terminology standard covers terminology used in safety and traction for footwear and relat
3、ed material.related towalkway safety and footwear.1.2 Words adequately defined in standard dictionaries are not included. Included are words that are particular to this industry.industry and those contained in standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F13 on Pedestrian/Walkway Safety andFoo
4、twear.NOTE 1The following standards are currently under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F13 on Safety and Traction for Footwear and are includedin 2.1: Test Methods F489, F609, and F694; Practices F695 and F1637; and Guides F802 and F1240.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5859 Test Meth
5、od for Determining the Traction of Footwear on Painted Surfaces Using the Variable Incidence Tester(Withdrawn 2005)3F489 Test Method for Using a James Machine (Withdrawn 2005)3F609 Test Method for Using a Horizontal Pull Slipmeter (HPS)F694 Test Method for Heel-Attaching Strength of Womens Shoes (Wi
6、thdrawn 2008)3F695 Practice for Ranking of Test Data Obtained for Measurement of Slip Resistance of Footwear Sole, Heel, and RelatedMaterialsF802 Guide for Selection of Certain Walkway Surfaces When Considering Footwear Traction (Withdrawn 2012)3F1240 Guide for Ranking Footwear Bottom Materials on C
7、ontaminated Walkway Surfaces According to Slip Resistance TestResultsF1637 Practice for Safe Walking SurfacesF1694 Guide for Composing Walkway Surface Investigation, Evaluation and Incident Report Forms for Slips, Stumbles, Trips,and FallsF2232 Test Method for Determining the Longitudinal Load Requi
8、red to Detach High Heels from FootwearF2412 Test Methods for Foot ProtectionF2413 Specification for Performance Requirements for Protective (Safety) Toe Cap FootwearF2508 Practice for Validation, Calibration, and Certification of Walkway Tribometers Using Reference SurfacesF2892 Specification for Pe
9、rformance Requirements for Soft Toe Protective Footwear (Non-Safety / Non-Protective Toe)F2913 Test Method for Measuring the Coefficient of Friction for Evaluation of Slip Performance of Footwear and TestSurfaces/Flooring Using a Whole Shoe TesterF2948 Guide to Walkway Auditor QualificationsF2965 Gu
10、ide for Selection of Walkway Surfaces and Treatments When Considering Aggressive Contaminant Conditions inCommercial and Industrial (Not Including Construction) EnvironmentsF2966 Guide for Snow and Ice Control for Walkway Surfaces3. Terminologyadhesion, nthe tendency of one surface to adhere to anot
11、her surface prior to movement due to dwell time, as well as other factors.1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F13 on Pedestrian/Walkway Safety and Footwear and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F13.91on Editorial and Terminology.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2
12、013May 15, 2016. Published February 2013June 2016. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20122013 asF1646 12.F1646 13. DOI: 10.1520/F1646-13.10.1520/F1646-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.o
13、rg. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM st
14、andard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by A
15、STM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1aggressive contaminants, nsubstances that create a gross separation between the footwear bottom and the walkway surface.F2965anti-icing mate
16、rials, ndry or liquid snow and ice control materials applied before a snow and ice event intended to preventprecipitation from bonding (that is, freezing) with the pavement, or weaken bonds formed for easier removal. F2966arch, nthe bony framework of the foot extending from the heel to the toes and
17、sustained by the muscles and ligaments in theform of an arch. Also, the bottom curve of a shoe last from heel to ball.barefoot, adv or adjwith the feet uncovered or unclothed; without shoes or stockings.bollard, na thick, low, short, post, often of iron or steel and usually used in series, provided
18、for the purpose of excluding ordiverting motor vehicles from a road, lawn, or path. F1637box toes, nare semi-rigid materials which can be molded to the shape of the last during shoe making. This provides thereinforcement and shape retention on the critical area of the toe of the footwear. F2892breas
19、t, nthe forward or front face of a shoe heel.calibration, nthe set of operations that establishes, under specified conditions, the relationship between the values obtained bya walkway tribometer and the corresponding supplier reference values. F2508carpet, npermanently secured fibrous floor covering
20、.DISCUSSIONArea rugs, mats, and runners are not considered to be carpet for the purpose of this practice. F1637clean, nfree from visible or tactile contamination.coating, na layer of any substance intentionally applied to a surface to modify its functional or decorative characteristics.coefficient-o
21、f-friction (COF or ) , na dimensionless number: the ratio of two forces acting at the interface of two contactingsolid bodies. The force used in the numerator is parallel to the surfaces and the force used in the denominator is perpendicular(normal) to the surfaces. See also dynamic coeffcient of fr
22、iction.coefficient of friction (COF), nthe ratio of the horizontal component of force (parallel to the walkway surface and passingthrough the tester center of gravity) required to overcome the friction to the normal component of the vertical force (weight)of the object. D5859coefficient of friction,
23、 nthe ratio of the frictional force to the force, usually gravitational, acting perpendicular to the two surfacesin contact. This coefficient is a measure of the relative difficulty with which the surface of one material will slide over anadjoining surface of itself, or of another material. The stat
24、ic or starting coefficient of friction (s) is related to the force measuredto begin movement of the surfaces relative to each other. The kinetic or sliding coefficient of friction (k) is related to the forcemeasured in sustaining this movement. F489contaminant, nany substance between and not a part
25、of either of the two surfaces; contaminant, contaminating, contamination.contamination, nany undesirable solid or liquid material that rests upon a surface or exists between two mating surfaces;contaminant, contaminating.contra lateral, adjlocated, occurring, or acting on the opposite side of the bo
26、dy.cross slope, nthe slope of a pedestrian walkway that is perpendicular to the direction of travel. F1637de-icing materials, nsnow and ice melting products applied on top of a layer of snow or ice, or both, that is bonded to thepavement. F2966dwell time, nthe duration of time beginning at the insta
27、nt a tribometers test foot is placed upon the surface to be tested, andending at the instant a shear force is applied to the sensor.dynamic coefficient of friction (DCOF), n a coefficient of friction, d, obtained during relative translation between twocontacting solid bodies; used interchangeably wi
28、th kinetic coeffcient of friction.element, nan identifiable part of an architectural component, for example, a stair handrail, tread, riser, or landing. F1637fair, adja smooth transition between adjacent surfaces. F1637fall, nundesirable descent due to the force of gravity, usually from a standing p
29、osture or during ambulation, to a lower level,usually the ground or floor.F1646 162fit, nthe ability of the shoe or hosiery to conform to the size, width, shape, and proportion of the foot.floor surface, nSee walkway surface.footwear, nwearing apparel for the feet (such as shoes, boots, slippers, or
30、 overshoes), excluding hosiery.footwear, nshoes, including boots, sandals, slippers, or foul weather gear such as overshoes and rubbers, or a combinationthereof. F1637forefoot, nthe portion of the shoe extending forward from the break of the joint to the toe, also called forepart. F2232foreseeable p
31、edestrian path, nany place where a pedestrian could reasonably be expected to walk. F1637foxing, na piece of material applied to the upper or extending around the outsole of a boot or shoe.friction, nresistance to the relative motion of one body sliding, rolling, or flowing over another with which i
32、t is in contact.friction, nthe resistance developed between the physically contacting surfaces of two bodies when there is a movement orattempted movement of one body relative to the other parallel to the plane of contact. D5859friction, nthe resisting force that arises when a surface of one substan
33、ce slides, or tends to slide, over an adjoining surface ofitself or another substance. Between surfaces of solids in contact there may be two kinds of friction: (1) the resistance opposingthe force required to start to move one surface over another, and (2) the resistance opposing the force required
34、 to move onesurface over another at a variable, fixed, or predetermined speed. F489guiding document, na standard, regulation, law, code, directive, statute, ordinance, or similar document that nominally limits,requires, or otherwise guides certain activities or conditions; the specific relevance or
35、applicability of the document may vary.F2948heel, na solid part of a shoe or boot projecting downward and attached to or forming the back part of the sole under the heelof the foot.heel attachment strength, nthe force in pounds measured under the testing conditions of Test Method F2232 required to d
36、etachthe heel from the sole/insole assembly. F2232heel breast, nthe forward or front face of a shoe heel.heel breast, nthe front face of the shoe heel. F2232heel height, nthe vertical distance from the top back edge of the heel to the plane of the tread (wear) surface of the heel. F2232heel seat, nt
37、he part of a shoe to which the heel is attached.hosiery, nany covering of the foot not intended for ground contact during ambulation, such as socks, stockings, etc.insert/footbed/sockliner (all removable), nfootbed normally made of a foam product with leather or fabric cover shaped tocover the entir
38、e insole which can be inserted between the foot and insole board. F2412, F2413, F2892insole, nthe part of the shoe that is a structural anchor to which the upper and heel are fastened during manufacture. It may ormay not be covered on the foot side by material referred to as a socklining. F2232insol
39、e, nfoundation of the shoe; the inner sole of the shoe which is next to the foot, under the sock liner or insert, onto whichthe upper is lasted. F2412, F2413, F2892insole, nthat part of the shoe which is between the foot and the outsole, and to which the upper is fastened during manufacture.It may o
40、r may not be covered on the foot side by an aesthetic material referred to as a socklining. F694ipsilateral, adjlocated, occurring, or acting on the same side of the body.last, nsolid hinged form, in the general shape of a foot, around which footwear is constructed. F2412, F2413, F2892lasting, vbuil
41、ding of footwear around a specific foot form. F2412, F2413, F2892lining, nterm used to describe all components that can be used to construct the interior of the upper portion of the footwear.F2412, F2413, F2892mudguard, na strip of material applied to a shoe upper just above the sole intended as a p
42、rotection against dampness or as anornament.outsole, nthe bottom sole of the shoe, the surface of which is exposed to wear. F694outsole, nthe bottom (sole) of the shoe: including the surface which is exposed to wear. F2232F1646 163outsole and heel, nexterior bottom platform of the footwear; the bott
43、om surface. F2412paired t-test, na test of statistical significance based on the use of students t-distribution and used to compare two samplemeans. F2508pedestrian, na person using legs or leg surrogates (for example, prosthetic limbs, crutches, etc.) as the principal mechanism forlocomotion.planar
44、, adjflat. F1637pricker points, nin testing footwear, a modification of the foot form in which needle points of steel 18 in. (3.2 mm) long areused to prevent vertical movement of the test specimen. F694product category, ndescription for a type of footwear designed and manufactured for a specific haz
45、ard or hazards. F2412,F2413, F2892product classification, nfootwear manufactured to meet a minimum performance requirement for a specific hazard or hazards.F2412protective footwear, nfootwear that is designed, constructed, and classified to protect the wearer from a potential hazard orhazards. F2412
46、, F2413, F2892protective toe cap, ncomponent designed to provide toe protection that is an integral and permanent part of the footwear. F2412,F2413quarter, none side of the upper of a shoe or boot from heel to vamp.quarter, nentire back portion of the footwear upper. F2412, F2413, F2892ramp, na walk
47、way surface that has a slope steeper than 1:20 (5 %). F1637reference surfaces (RSs), nspecified materials, identified in Section 7 of Practice F2508, that have experimentally demonstratedslip properties for a select population of pedestrians and serve as references for walkway tribometer measurement
48、s. F2508seatboard, na reinforcement (if used) of the insole where the heel is attached. F2232self-cleaning, adjproperty of a walkway surface or treatment where foot pressure breaks up or displaces, or both, a contaminanton a walkway surface in a manner that restores direct contact between the walkwa
49、y surface and the footwear bottom incontaminated conditions. F2965shank, nthe steel or wood piece inserted in the arch of the shoe for reinforcement. F694shank, na reinforcement in the arch (instep) of the shoe between the insole and outsole made from steel, wood, fiberboard orplastic (individually or in combination). F2232shankboard, nthe back part of the insole which is fabricated from a firm fibreboard. It is contoured to the arch of the foot forsupport. F694, F2232SIC, nStandard Industria
