1、Designation: F1847 98 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Guide forDemonstrating Minimum Skills of Search and Rescue Dogsand Handlers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1847; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers voluntary uniform training guidelinesfor dogs and handlers who engage in search and resc
3、ue (SAR)activities throughout the Unites States.1.2 This guide provides a minimum set of training goalsagainst which SAR dog teams and organizations may volun-tarily evaluate their own training programs.1.3 This guide provides a means of documenting a mini-mum standard for those agencies who request
4、 SAR dogresources for SAR operations and require such documentation.1.4 Local SAR dog handlers and parent organizations areresponsible for testing and verification that individual re-sources meet or exceed these guidelines.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if a
5、ny, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1633 Guide for Techniques in Land SearchF1848 Cl
6、assification for Search and Rescue Dog Crew/TeamsF1879 Guide for Demonstrating Obedience and Agility inSearch and Rescue Dogs3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 alertan indication by a dog that signals the handlerthat the targeted scent has been found.3.1.2 bringse
7、lan object carried by the dog or handler thatis retrieved or tugged on by the dog when the dog finds itstarget.3.1.3 refindan action by a free-ranging dog that is initi-ated after the dog finds its target and results in the dog directingthe handler back to the target.3.1.4 returnan action of a free-
8、ranging dog that brings thedog back to its handler after finding its target.3.1.5 scent articlean object used by search personnel tofamiliarize a dog with the scent of a subject.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide provides dog handlers, units and organiza-tions in differing locales with the ability to
9、 understand andreplicate skills and training required to meet these minimumguidelines.4.2 This guide identifies a minimum set of skills that willhelp establish the mission readiness of a search dog crew3forsearch and rescue operations.4.3 The dog and handler skills demonstrate the crewsabilities to
10、estimate probabilities of detection.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide may be used by units, handlers, and request-ing agencies when evaluating dog resources or as a basis forestablishing local minimum performance guidelines or stan-dards. All or a subst of this guide may be utilized.5.2 Agencies
11、 and organizations who have responsibility forsearch and rescue operations may use this guide as a basis fordeveloping standardized testing and certification of search dogresources.5.3 This guide does not provide a theoretical basis for howa search dog crew works, rather it describes the minimumresu
12、lts desired. Definitions that are referenced are provided todevelop consistency in interpretation.5.4 Each dog team, unit or organization wishing to use thisguide has the responsibility of managing and administering it.Units may wish to use evaluators from other units or organi-zations, or, request
13、assistance in obtaining qualified evaluatorsfrom organizations such as the SAR Dog Section of theNational Association of Search and Rescue (NASAR). Thisdecision however, rests solely with the individual team ororganization. The method of evaluation is also entirely at thediscretion of each user of t
14、his guide.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Search andRescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.02 on Management andOperations.Current edition approved June 1, 2012. Published August 2012. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 19
15、98 as F1847 - 98 (2005).DOI: 10.1520/F1847-98R12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3These guide
16、s are currently under development1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6. Dog Skills6.1 Obedience and Agility Skills:6.1.1 Dogs used in SAR operations should posses an ac-ceptable level of agility and obedience skills such
17、as thoselisted in Guide F1879.6.1.2 Obedience skills should ensure that the SAR dog willbe under the control of the handler in a manner that allows thedog to participate in SAR operations without interfering withother search resources.6.1.3 Agility skills should ensure the dogs ability to tra-verse
18、obstacles and terrain that may be present during SARoperations.6.1.4 The sufficiency of a dogs agility and obedience skillsshould be at the discretion of the agency having jurisdictionover search and rescue operations.6.2 Communication Skills:6.2.1 The dog should be able to indicate that it has dete
19、ctedthe object of its search. This indication may be in the form ofa classic physical alert such as a bark, whine, jump or captureof bringsel, or, in some other predetermined response that isknown and can be described by the handler.6.2.2 The dog, on command, should be able to leave aperson found in
20、 order to search for additional subjects.6.2.3 Upon finding the subject of a search, the dog should beable to execute a refind.6.3 Working Skills:6.3.1 Dogs should be able to work for a set duration of timewithout a break while maintaining optimum performance. Anacceptable duration of work should be
21、 established jointly bythe agency or organization utilizing these guidelines and thedog handler.6.3.2 The dog must be able to work both during day andnight and under weather and terrain conditions specified by theagency who will use the resource.6.3.3 The dog should be under the control of the handl
22、er atall times and in a manner consistent with local conditions.6.3.4 The dog should have the ability to be easily trans-ported by means common to the working environment in whichit will be used. This may include the back of a pick-up truck,aircraft, watercraft, snowmobile, ski-lift, ATV, or a raisi
23、ng orlowing system in harness. The applicable means of transpor-tation should be determined by the agency or organizationutilizing the resource.7. Handler Skills7.1 It is recommended that dog handlers acquire basicsearch and rescue skills when possible through a local andnational or state affiliated
24、, search and rescue organization.Affiliation with local SAR organizations ensures that handlerskills are appropriate for local conditions and achieves a levelof familiarity among all parties engaged in SAR operations.7.2 Basic SAR Skills:7.2.1 First Aid/Survival/Safety Skills:7.2.1.1 The handler sho
25、uld demonstrate an acceptable levelof training and performance of both human and canine first aid.Acceptable levels of performance should mimic the standard ofcare in the local community where the dog handler will work.7.2.1.2 A handler should have the knowledge and ability tosustain themselves AND
26、a lost person for at least 24 h withequipment they normally carry.7.2.1.3 A handler should the knowledge and ability toevaluate hazards, select safe routes and follow safe procedureswithin their assigned working environment. This could includeknowledge such as an awareness of avalanche potential, th
27、euse of flotation devices during water searches, the use of latexgloves in first aid or the preservation of evidence in cadaversearching, etc.7.2.2 Land NavigationThe handler should with the aid ofmap and compass, be able to determine their location bothduring day and night, directing others to thei
28、r location and findthe best route of travel to a given location and for segmentingsearch areas.7.2.3 Communication SkillsThe handler should have theability to use proper local agency radio protocols in radiocommunications and the ability to use available communica-tions equipment properly.7.3 Search
29、 Management Skills:7.3.1 The handler should be able to work with each resourceunder the incident command system.7.3.2 The handler should be able to demonstrate an under-standing of the environmental conditions that affect the abilityof the crew to locate lost people. These conditions includeknowledg
30、e of scent transport, including the effect of terrain,vegetation, and weather conditions such as convection, windand solar insolation; the dogs and handlers physical andmental energy applied to the search; the difficulty of the coverand terrain; and the length of time from the loss to the search.The
31、 handler should be able to give the planning section a reporttelling how well, in percentages the chance for detection wasachieved. They must also be able to mark on a map theircoverage, alerts, wind direction at the time of the alerts, clues,etc.7.3.3 Ahandler should be able to analyze all factors
32、that canaffect probability of detection (POD)3, for a given assignment;terrain, vegetation, slope, sun angle, cloud cover, wind, size ofassignment, travel aids - and be able to adjust the dog crewsoperating procedures to achieve the highest POD within thetime allotted, by the planning section.7.3.4
33、Handlers should be familiar with all of the typicalstrategies used by search and rescue teams including hastysearching, perimeter searching, track and sign cutting, contourgrid searching, running ridges, running canyon bottoms, geo-metric gridding and combinations thereof.7.3.5 The handler should ha
34、ve the ability to communicatethe results of the dog crews search efforts to search manage-ment. This should include the location of clues, the routefollowed, relevant meteorological conditions and an estimatedPOD.7.4 Physical ConditioningThe handler should have theability to effectively search in wo
35、rking environments requiringextended periods of strenuous and physically demandingactivity and foot travel. The handler must have the ability tocarry adequate survival, first aid, communications, and person-nel equipment on their person for the duration of the search.7.5 Dog Handling Skills:F1847 98
36、 (2012)27.5.1 Ahandler should understand and can tell others how tocollect and preserve scent articles for search work.7.5.2 A handler should be able to interpret the body lan-guage or trained responses of the search and rescue dog whichindicate that the dog has detected human scent.7.5.3 The handle
37、r should be able to communicate to the dogthe end or conclusion of a search or operational period in apositive manner. This communication may be in the form of areward such as play or food, or via some command or action,such as removal of a harness, coat, etc.8. Keywords8.1 dog training; handler ski
38、lls; minimum training standardsASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof i
39、nfringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this sta
40、ndard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your
41、views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).F1847 98 (2012)3
