1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 7537-1: 1991 IEC 1055-1: 1991 Measurement techniques and operational adjustments of broadcast VTRs Part 1: Guide to operational adjustments on analogue composite broadcast VTRsBS7537-1:1991 This British Standard, having been prepared under the directionof the Electronic Equipment
2、 Standards Policy Committee, was published underthe authority of the Standards Board and comes intoeffect on 29 November 1991 BSI 10-1999 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference EEL/22 Draft for comment 88/32443 DC ISBN 0 580 20288 7 Committees responsib
3、le for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Electronic Equipment Standards Policy Committee (EEL/-) to Technical Committee EEL/22, upon which the following bodies were represented: Association of Professional Recording Services Ltd. Audio Engineering So
4、ciety British Broadcasting Corporation British Kinematograph, Sound and Television Society British Tape Industry Association Independent Broadcasting Authority Independent Television Association National Council for Educational Technology (NCET) Royal Photographic Society Royal Television Society So
5、und and Communication Industries Federation Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsBS7537-1:1991 BSI 10-1999 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover National foreword ii Section 0. General 0.1 Scope 1 Section 1. Operational alignment of transverse-track VTRs 1.1
6、EBU alignment tape 1 1.2 Alignment of the playback chain 1 1.3 Alignment of the record chain 4 1.4 Mechanical adjustments of headwheels 6 Section 2. Operational alignment of B format VTRs 2.1 Alignment tapes for B format 7 2.2 Alignment of the playback chain 7 2.3 Alignment of the record chain 9 2.4
7、 Operational mechanical adjustments 10 Section 3. Operational alignment of C format VTRs 3.1 Alignment tapes for C format 10 3.2 Alignment of the playback chain 10 3.3 Alignment of the record chain 12 3.4 Operational mechanical adjustments 13 Section 4. Operational adjustments on U-matic H televisio
8、n tape-machines 4.1 General considerations 13 4.2 Alignment of the playback chain 13 4.3 Alignment of the record chain 14 4.4 Mechanical adjustments 14 Annex A (informative) Care of alignment tapes 15 Annex B (informative) Bibliography 16 Figure 1 Signals recorded on the EBU alignment tape 2 Figure
9、2 Field-rate display of the signal from the alignment tape 4 Figure 3 Expanded control track waveform display 5 Publication(s) referred to Inside back coverBS7537-1:1991 ii BSI 10-1999 National foreword This Part ofBS7537 has been prepared under the direction of the Electronic Equipment Standards Po
10、licy Committee and is identical with IEC1055-1:1991 “Measurement techniques and operational adjustments of broadcast VTRs Part 1: Operational adjustments on analogue composite broadcast VTRs”, published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). This British Standard describes the opera
11、tional alignment procedures which are peculiar to the types of VTRs used in television production and which are recommended for adoption within the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). It is important for these machines to be aligned according to clearly defined criteria so that recorded tapes will co
12、nform to the standards and to avoid compatibility problems during international programme exchanges. These recommendations were based on the results of investigations conducted by EBU Sub-group G2 (Television tape recording) and were published by the EBU in document Tech.3219-2 “Operational alignmen
13、t procedures”. Section1, concerning transverse track VTRs, comprises the corresponding passages of EBU document Tech. 3219 (1976) suitably updated. Sections2and3are concerned with B format and C format VTRs using25.4mm tape. Section4is concerned with U-matic H format using19mm tape. This type of for
14、mat is not recommended for international exchanges, but it is in widespread use for ENG. NOTETypographical error. In1.2.4, the first paragraph followingFigure 2, the second word “cntrols” should be read as “controls”. Copies of EBU documents may be purchased from the Technical Centre of the European
15、 Broadcasting Union, Cas Postale67, CH-1218 Grand-Saconnex, Geneva, Switzerland. Telephone+41227172111 Telefax+41227985897. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance
16、with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 16, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
17、 amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover.BS7537-1:1991 BSI 10-1999 1 Section 0. General 0.1 Scope This technical report defines operational adjustments on analogue composite broadcast VTRs. Section 1. Operational alignment of transverse-track
18、VTRs 1.1 EBU alignment tape The purpose of the alignment tape is to make the checking of the machine as easy as possible and, to this end, a split picture was chosen so that a multiple check could be made on picture and waveform monitor displays. The waveforms of the signals before recording are dep
19、icted inFigure 1. The upper half of the picture consists of the CCIR insertion signal, as specified for line330, repeated on each line: luminance bar,2T sine-squared pulse and 5-riser luminance staircase with superimposed sub-carrier. The lower half of the picture consists of a 100/0/75/0 colour-bar
20、 signal 1) . The sound track carries alternating French and English announcements interrupted by1000 Hz tone at the reference level of100nWb/m r.m.s. There is no recording on the cue track. The tape used is Scotch400with average characteristics. It is supplied in rather long sections and it is antic
21、ipated that broadcasting organizations will cut them into short pieces for alignment purposes and will perhaps splice short lengths of their normal video tape stock onto these (see clause1.3). The complete EBU specifications of the alignment tape for transverse track VTRs appear in EBU document Tech
22、.3084 1 2) . Alignment tapes have a limited operational life and shall be handled with extreme care if they are to provide faithful alignment of VTRs for long periods. Guidance on their use and storage will be found inAnnex A. Strict adherence to the manufacturers handling procedures is essential. 1
23、.2 Alignment of the playback chain The objective in using the alignment tape is to adjust the machine so that it will give optimum reproduction of a first-generation verified recording. The process involves playing back the alignment tape while making the necessary adjustments and then making trial
24、recordings and adjusting the recording conditions until the quality of reproduction of these recordings is similar to the quality obtained from the alignment tape. It is assumed that the spacing between the video head and the control-track head has already been checked and that the video heads are c
25、o-planar, in quadrature and have similar tip projections. The order of alignment checks is as follows: a) video head/control-track phase; b) relative positions of headwheel and vacuum guide, c) video level; d) video linearity i.e. equalization of playback channels, differential phase and gain perfor
26、mance, record drive conditions; e) audio level. 1.2.1 Control-track phase On machines that allow adjustment of the tracking, it is normal to set the control-track phase potentiometer to the point that gives maximum FM output on the oscilloscope display. At this time it is convenient to make a visual
27、 check of the stability of the capstan servo and the headwheel servo. The beginning of a fault condition or misalignment in the capstan servo is indicated by oscillations in the amplitude of the FM output display. (On some machines, small oscillations of the FM amplitude are always present.) The beg
28、inning of a fault condition in the headwheel servo can also be visually checked at this time by observing the amplitude of the jitter of the tachometer dots on the raster when the picture monitor is locked to a stable external reference. (A limited amount of jitter is always present.) Jitter can be
29、caused by servo malfunction or by tape problems such as incorrect slitting. At the same time, the position of the headwheel tachometer dots should be examined on a video monitor displaying the demodulator output and operated in the pulse cross mode. 1) United Kingdom users have a 100/0/100/0 colour-
30、bar signal. 2) The figures in square brackets refer to the bibliography,Annex B, page16.BS7537-1:1991 2 BSI 10-1999 The position of the dots on the picture, when playing the alignment tape, depends on the individual machine and on the individual headwheel. It is theoretically possible to standardize
31、 the position of the dots on the picture by adjusting the electronic timing of the machine dot generator and aligning the mechanical position of the tachometer pick-up head on the headwheel panel. The recommended approach, however, is to mark the actual position of the tachometer dots on the picture
32、 monitor when playing the alignment tape, and then to apply the procedure described in1.3.2. 1.2.2 Relative positions of the headwheel and vacuum guide If, on replay, any of the geometrical factors are incorrect, it will not be possible to reproduce the precise relationship between the video heads a
33、nd the tape that existed during the recording of the alignment tape. The most common errors are quadrature, skew and scallop. These take the form of timebase errors and they are caused by incorrect positioning of the video heads. At this stage, the relative positions of the headwheel and the vacuum
34、guide should be adjusted using the procedure described in1.4.1. This procedure serves to minimize the amplitude of the timebase-error signal generated by the monochrome timebase corrector. It should be mentioned here that it is quite common for the guide height to be adjusted to give maximum flatnes
35、s of the oscilloscope display of the FM amplitude. If the machine is being aligned to play a particular tape and this method produces the most acceptable pictures when playing that tape, then obviously discretion is used in adopting a compromise. However, the timebase-error method is the most sensit
36、ive and should be used to align the machine for optimum recordings. The guide height and position should preferably not be changed until the next complete alignment. (This is feasible on machines equipped with velocity compensators.) Figure 1 Signals recorded on the EBU alignment tapeBS7537-1:1991 B
37、SI 10-1999 3 1.2.3 Video level adjustment Following calibration of the oscilloscope, the alignment tape is replayed and adjustments are made, if necessary, to obtain standard levels at the output of the machine and at other monitoring points in the playback chain. At the same time, the peak-white si
38、gnal, available on many machines for deviation checks, should be compared with the off-tape signal. Any discrepancy indicates a fault condition. 1.2.4 Video linearity and equalization The split picture signal recorded on the alignment tape was specially chosen for its usefulness in carrying out thes
39、e adjustments. An oscilloscope field-rate display of the demodulator output, showing the sub-carrier superimposed on the staircase, allows the simplest adjustment of the individual channel equalizers for identical outputs (Figure 2). The colour-bar signal enables the differential gain and phase to b
40、e critically adjusted by examination of the oscilloscope field-rate display and the vectorscope display. Although this is the recommended procedure, other approaches can be employed. For example, a line-rate display, viaa4.43 MHz band-pass filter, of the sub-carrier superimposed on the staircase per
41、mits examination of the differential gain although small differences are usually masked by noise. The colour-bar waveform could be used to set the equalizers but, because of the more complex waveform of the colour bars, it is easier to make the adjustments using the sub-carrier superimposed on the s
42、taircase. Once the equalizer settings have been determined, however, small linearity differences are more noticeable on the colour-bar waveform. The controls provided for making these adjustments depend on the type of machine and their effect varies according to the circuitry used by the different m
43、anufacturers. The following general method will be applicable to a wide variety of machines, but it is advisable to consult local instructions or manuals. The reactive and resistive controls (known asF and Q or X and R or C and Q, depending on the type of machine) are used to compensate for the head
44、-resonance characteristics. The initial settings can often be found by means of a probe placed close to each video head in turn. When this is possible, the reactive and resistive controls are set for each head to give a flat response followed by a smooth roll-off as seen on an oscilloscope display o
45、f a frequency-sweep test signal. This procedure, when available on a machine, precedes the lacing of the tape. The overall equalization control is set to give the most level response from all the channels when the alignment tape is played. The individual head-equalizer controls are used to match the
46、 outputs of each head. Head No.1is normally taken as the reference. These adjustments are made with the automatic chrominance circuits switched off while the demodulator output is being examined. If the individual heads cannot be matched, it will be necessary to re-adjust the master equalizer. Once
47、the equalizer settings seem to be nominally correct, fine adjustments are made to the reactive controls to improve the differential parameters of each head. (Some machines have a differential gain control for this purpose.) The adjustments must be repeated several times to achieve optimum performanc
48、e. The automatic chrominance circuits are then switched on and appropriate adjustments are made to ensure that the system is operating in the centre of its correcting range. Once again, further fine-trimming adjustments are necessary if the colour monitor displaying the machine output exhibits bandi
49、ng or small variations of the colour saturation on a line-by-line basis, for PAL signals (hanover bars). After this the following checks should be made: the 2T pulse transient response is examined (expanded line-rate oscilloscope display); the 2T pulse-to-bar ratio indicates errors in the mid-frequency response; the bar tilt reveals errors in the low- to mid-frequency response; if excessive moir is visible, the demodulator balance and symmetry controls, if available, should be adjusted for minimum disturbance on the colour monitor or the smallest col
