1、UDC 001.6(08) : 003.62 DEUTSCHE NORM March 1994 DIN 1304 Letter symbols for physical quantities Part 1 Symbols for general use Formelzeichen; allgemeine Formelzeichen Supersedes March 1989 edition. See Explanatory notes for connection with International Standards IS0 31 -0 to 31-1 O published by the
2、 International Organi- zation for Standardization and IEC 27-1 published by the International Electrotechnical Commission. In keeping with current practice in standards published by the International Organization for Standardization (SO), a comma has been used throughout as the decimal marker. Dimen
3、sions in mm Contents Page 1 Scope and field of application . 1 2 Representation of symbols 1 3 Tables 2 3.1 Length, area, volume . 2 3.2 Spaceand time . 3 3.3 Mechanics 4 3.4 Electricity and magnetism . 6 3.5 Thermodynamics and heat transfer 1 O 3.6 Physical chemistry and molecular physics 11 3.7 Li
4、ght and related electromagnetic radiations 12 i This standard specifies letter symbolsfor physical quantities (cf. DIN 1313). The terms for the quantities listed in the third column of tables 1 to 9 are not standardized here, but rather serve to identify the quantities. This standard deals with symb
5、ols for general use in several fields of physical sciences and technology. Symbols that are of relevance in special fields only will be dealt with in other Parts of this standard and are to be used in conjunction with the symbols specified here. Scope and field of application 2 Representation of sym
6、bols Symbols are generally single upper-case or lower-case let- ters of the Latin or Greek alphabet, sometimes supple- mented by subscripts or modifying signs. The latter are used to provide more information about the quantity, but do not normally modify the quality (except for Nos. 2.28, 3.2, 3.3,
7、3.7, 10.30, and 10.47). However, mathematical signs or symbols (cf. DIN 1302) which are added to the basic symbol may be capable of modifying the quality (e.g. symbols indi- cating power). Modifying signs can be letters, numbers, or special signs such as stroke, solidus, cross (also in a horizontal
8、position), asterisk, tilde, circumflex, angle, hook, infinity symbol w, which may be located on the left orthe right (high or low), and above or below, the basic symbol (cf. figure 1). Page 3.8 Atomic and nuclear physics 14 3.9 Acoustics . 15 3.10 Subscripts 16 4 Coefficients, factors, parameters, n
9、umbers and ratios . 20 Standards and other documents referred to . 21 Other relevant standards 22 Previous editions . 22 Amendments 22 Explanatory notes 22 5 G: 6 G basic symbol 1 left superscript 2 left subscript 3 right subscript 4 right superscript 5 overscript 6 underscript Figure 1: Position of
10、 modifying signs Normally, only special signs are used for overscripts and underscripts. Particularly frequent use is made of right subscripts (in prac- tice simply referred to as subscripts), which offer numerous possibilities for providing more detailed information on the particular quantity (cf.
11、table 10). In the case of chemical elements, a left superscript indicates the nucleon number (previously, mass number), which is the sum of the proton and neutron number, a left subscript indi- cating the proton number (atomic number). Frexample,C is a carbon nuclide having 6 protons and 8 neutrons
12、lcf. DIN 32 640). Continued on pages 2 to 22. Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin, has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen). DIN 1304 Part 1 Engl. Pricegroup 15 Sales No. 0115 12.94 Page 2 DIN 1304 Part 1 1.2 1.3 A horizontal bar in the underscript position indicates that the symbol r
13、epresents a complex quantity (e.g.a (cf. DIN 5483 Part 3). A horizontal bar in the overscript position identifies the symbol as an arithmetic mean value (e.g. U; cf. table 1, No. 8, in DIN 5483 Part 2, September 1982 edi- tion). An asterisk is found as a right superscript in the case of complex quan
14、tities (e.g. a* ; cf. DIN 5483 Part 3). Where a horizontal stroke is used as an overscript instead of this asterisk (such as in mathematics) (e.g. T; cf. DIN 1302), a mean value used at the same time is then to be identified differently. 3 Tables Rules for the use of tables 1 to 9: a) In their basic
15、 form, letter symbols shall be printed in italics, and unit symbols, upright (cf. DIN 1338). b) Where several symbols are provided for one quantity, the first symbol (main symbol) shall be given preference, the other symbol (reserve symbol) being selected where the main symbol has been used to indic
16、ate something else. c) Where one letter represents two different quantities, and provision has not been made for a reserve symbol, another font, or upper case letters instead of lower case letters, or vice versa, may be used where this does not lead to confusion. d) Symbols denoting vectorial quanti
17、ties are repre- sented in the Symbol column without the relevant iden- tification. Q, rp, 2 Cf. DIN 4895 Parts 1 and 2. r, ir, r cf. DIN 1341, DIN 5491 and DIN 1304 Part 5). h) Instead of the units which are listed in the SI unit column of the tables, other units specified in DIN 1301 Parts 1 and 2
18、may be used. The SI units listed serve only to illustrate the pertinent quantities. i) In 1980, the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) made it clear that the supplementary units radian and steradian are units for quantities of di- mension one. They may be used in order to distin
19、guish more easily between different quantities of the same di- mension. The General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) has still to decide whether supple- mentary units are to be introduced for units derived from SI. k) Where single line printers or VDUs with limited char- acter sets are used
20、, DIN 13304 applies for the represen- tation of symbols, and DIN 66030 for the representation of units. I) It is recommended that the symbols and relevant quantities used in books and extensive specialized es- says be compiled in a list. 1.5 1.6 No. I Symbol I Quantity I SI unit I Remarks Q, u solid
21、 angle sr sr = m2/m* = 1. 1 length m Cartesian coordinates 1.8 1.9 Im h height, depth m H height above mean sea level m (altitude) Cf. DIN 4895 Parts 1 and 2. 1.11 r radius, radial distance m 1.13 1.14 Here, rule b) is not applicable. Do not use a at the same time as No. 2.16. rad = m/m = 1. f defle
22、ction, sag m d,D diameter m 1.7 I b I width, breadth Im I 1.10 I6,d I thickness, thickness of a layer I m I Im deflection, displacement Here, rule b) is not applicable. DIN 1304 Part 1 Page 3 Table 1 (concluded) 1.16 1.17 No. I Symbol I Quantity I SI unit I Remarks A, S surface area m2 S, q cross-se
23、ctional area m2 1.15 I s I length of path or line segment I m I 2.20 2.21 a attenuation coefficient /3 phase coefficient 1.18 I V I volume, capacity I m3 I 3.2 Space and time ! Tabla Symbol time, duration, time interval 2.2 period, periodic time SI unit Remarks S S 2.3 I z, T I time constant S f = 1
24、/T, with Tas in No. 2.2. 2.4 f, Y frequency 2.5 f, undamped natural frequency Hz Hz 2.6 I fd I damped natural frequency Hz angular frequency, pulsatance 2.7 I (I) S-1 w = 2 TI f, with f as in Nr 2.4. Alternative unit: rad/s. S- 2.8 mo characteristic pulsatance 2.9 wd damped natural pulsatance 2.10 6
25、 damping coefficient mo = 2 n fo, with fo as in No. 2.5. Alternative unit: rad/s. I shear strain SI unit Remarks No. Symbol Quantity 3.16 M, bending moment N.m 3.17 I p I momentum kg . m/s p =I zi dm , with u as in No. 2.23. I =JWt=p(tz)-p(ti),with p as in No. 3.17, F as in No. 3.11 and t as in No.
26、2.1. 3.18 I impulse 3.19 I kg . m2/s L =I w dJ, with w as in No. 2.7 and J as in No. 3.9. moment of momentum, angular momentum N . m . s= kg . mz/s angular impulse H=AZ,=jMdt =L(t2) -L(ti), with tas in No. 2.1, L as in No. 3.19 and A4 as in No. 3.14. Cf. DIN 1314. 3.20 H I I 3.21 p pressure Pa 3.22
27、I Pabs I absolute pressure Pa Cf. DIN 1314. 3.23 I Pemb I atmospheric pressure Pa Cf. DIN 1314. Pa pe=pabS-parnb (Cf. DIN 1314), with pabs as in No. 3.22 and pamb as in No. 3.23. atmospheric differential pres- sure, gauge pressure 3.24 p, 3.25 I o N/m2 Cf. DIN 13316. normal stress, tensile stress or
28、 compressive stress 3.26 I r I shear stress N/m2 Cf. DIN 13316. 1 E = Al/ , with 1 as in No. 1.6. Ad d E = - for circular cross section, with d as in No. 1.14. 1 1 ,u = -E/E, with E as in No. 3.28 and E as in No. 3.27. Poisson ratio, Poisson number 1 19 = AV/V. 1 Cf. DIN 13 316. torsion 3.32 I . ;t
29、rad/m O = q/l, where cp is the torsional angle and 1 as in No. 1.6. restoring moment 3.33 I N . m/rad D = M,/q, where q is the torsional angle and M, as in No. 3.15. N/m2 E = u/ names and symbols Units; fractions and common multiples General mathematical symbols and concepts Letter symbols for physi
30、cal quantities; special symbols for use in acoustics Letter symbols for physical quantities; special symbols for fluid mechanics Letter symbols for physical quantities; special symbols for use in telecommunications engineering Mass, as weighed value, force, weight force, weight, load; concepts Densi
31、ty; concepts Vibration and shock; kinematic concepts Vibration and shock; simple vibration generators Physical quantities and equations; concepts and method of writing Pressure; basic concepts and units Electromagnetic field; steady-state quantities Electromagnetic field; material quantities Writing
32、 and typesetting of formulae Heat transfer; concepts and characteristic values Viscosity of Newtonian liquids Reference conditions, standard conditions, standard volume; concepts and values Thermodynamics; terminology Orthogonal coordinate systems; general concepts Orthogonal coordinate systems; dif
33、ferential operators of vector analysis Simple electrolyte solutions; symbols Radiation physics in the optical range and lighting engineering; quantities, symbols and units used in radiation physics Radiation physics in the optical range and lighting engineering; quantities, symbols and units of ligh
34、ting engineering Radiation physics in the optical range and lighting engineering; efficiency factors Radiation physics in the optical range and lighting engineering; quantities and constants used in radiation physics Radiometric and photometric properties of materials; concepts and parameters Time-d
35、ependent quantities; letter symbols Time-dependent quantities; complex representation of sinusoidal quantities Priciples of designating physical quantities; compound terms Diffusion and mass transfer; basic concpets, quantities, symbols and parameters Thermal radiation of whole volume radiators Gros
36、s and net calorific values Terminology associated with radiology; radiation physics Terminology associated with radiology; dose quantities and units Terminology associated with radiology; radioactivity Representation of letter symbols on single-line printers and VDUs Mechanics of perfectly elastic b
37、odies; concepts, quantities and symbols Mechanics of solid bodies; concepts, quantities and symbols Thermodynamics and kinetics of chemical reactions; symbols and units Letter symbols for use in nuclear technology Quantities and units used in chemistry; amount of substance and derived quantities; te
38、rminology Chemical elements and simple inorganic compounds; names and symbols Power engineering; distribution systems; concepts, quantities and symbols Quantities used in alternating current theory; single-phase circuits Information processing; representation of names of units for use in systems wit
39、h limited character sets Quantities and units; general priciples Quantities and units; space and time Quantities and units; periodic and related phenomena Quantities and units; mechanics Quantities and units; heat Quantities and units; electricity and magnetism Page 22 DIN 1304 Part 1 IS0 31-6: 1992
40、 Quantities and units; light and related elctromagnetic radiation IS0 31-7: 1992 Quantities and units; acoustics IS0 31-8: 1992 Quantities and units of physical chemistry and molecular physics IS0 31-9: 1992 Quantities and units; atomic and nuclear physics IS0 31-10: 1992 Quantities and units; nucle
41、ar reactions and ionizing radiations IEC 027-1 Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology; general CODATA Bulletin No. 63, November 1986, Pergamon Press, Pergamon Journals Ltd, Headington Hill Hall, Oxford OXSOBW, UK Other relevant standards DIN 1303 Vectors, matrices and tensors; concepts a
42、nd symbols DIN 1304 Part 2 Letter symbols for physical quantities; special symbols for use in meteorology and geophysics DIN 1304 Part 3 Letter symbols for physical quantities; special symbols for use in power engineering DIN 1304 Part 7 Letter symbols for physical quantities; special symbols for el
43、ectrical engines DIN 1304 Part 8 Letter symbols for physical quantities; special symbols for use in the field of static converters with semicon- ductors DIN 1305 Mass, as weighed value, force, weight force, weight, load; concepts DIN 1306 Density; concepts DIN 1324 Part 3 Electromagnetic field; elec
44、tromagnetic waves Previous editions DIN 1339: 07.46, 04.58, 09.68, 11.71; DIN 1357: 04.58x, 08.66, 12.67,11.71; 03.68, 11.71, 02.78; DIN 5497: 12.68; DIN 1304 Part 1: 03.89. DIN 1304: 07.25, 07.26, 03.33, 02.55, 09.65, Amendments In comparison with the March 1989 edition, the references to other sta
45、ndards have been updated. Explanatory notes This standard compiles letter symbols (about 280 in all) for general use in several fields of physical sciences and technology, the aim being to minimize duplication of standardization. The symbols specified here largely conform with those specified in IEC 27-1 and in the IS0 31 series of standards. When selecting symbols for a particular field, preference should be given to the main symbols, or a solution found presenting the smallest possible deviation from those symbols. International Patent Classification G 06 F G O9 B 023/00 G O9 F G11 B
