1、2010 年南开大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析一、名词解释1 historical linguistics2 coarticulation3 complementary distribution4 inflectional affix5 semantic broadening6 logical form7 psycholinguistics8 syllabus9 performative act10 interlanguage二、音标题11 The typical format of a phonological rule is given asAB/X_YYou are requ
2、ired to write out the structural description(SD)and the structural change(SC)of the rule. 12 Linking-r in British RPThe phenomenon of linking-r in British RP is illustrated by the data given below: You are required to develop an analysis into the phenomenon of linking-r, based on the data given abov
3、e. Illustrate your analysis with the words bar and barring.(Hint: underlying representation and phonological rules are relevant to your analysis.)13 Each of the following columns illustrates a different morphological process in English: You are required to name the type of morphological process at w
4、ork in Column 1, Column 2, Column 3 and Column 4, respectively.14 State the most obvious differences between compounds and verb phrases in English. Compounds Verb Phrasesfoot-warmers Iwarmed my feetman-eating Sheeats an applebrainwash He waswashing disheshaircut The boycuts a piece of paper三、简答题15 T
5、he following phrases include a head, a complement and(in some cases)a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree diagram with labels indicating these categories for each phrase. (1)into the housePP(3)perhaps earned the moneyVP (2)full of mistakesAP(4)that argument with OwenNP16 Give the deep structure of
6、the sentence What can the boy sit on?, and transform the deep structure of the sentence into its surface structure, using two diagrams to demonstrate the process of transformation.17 The following sentences are semantically ambiguous:(A)Peter saw the lady when she was near the bank.(B)The captain me
7、t wealthy men and women.You are required to point out the source of semantic ambiguity for each sentence. 18 If you ask somebody “Can you open the door?“ and he answers “Yes“ but does not actually do it, what would be your reaction? Why? Try to explain it in the light of Speech Act Theory. 19 How do
8、 you understand the cancellability of conversational implicature? 20 In what ways can linguistics contribute to language learning research? 21 In your understanding what roles do corpus data play in language studies? Part V22 State about ONE of the two topics given below(minimally 200 words).The mai
9、n features of generative linguistics.23 Linguistics ideas of special importance developed in the Prague School.2010 年南开大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析一、名词解释1 【正确答案】 Historical linguistics is the study of change in individual language and in languages generally. It has five main concerns; to describe and accoun
10、t for observed changes in particular languages; to reconstruct the pre-history of languages and determine their relatedness, grouping them into language families(comparative linguistics); to develop general theories about how and why language changes; to describe the history of speech communities; t
11、o study the history of words.【试题解析】 (考查历史语言学)2 【正确答案】 It refers to the simultaneous or overlapping articulation of two successive phonological units. If the sound becomes more like the following sound, as in the case of lamb, it is known as anticipatory coarticulation. If the sound shows the influen
12、ce of the preceding sound, it is perseverative coarticulation, as in the case of map.【试题解析】 (考查协同发音)3 【正确答案】 It refers to the relation between sounds or forms whose distributions do not overlap. Thus in southern British English, an unaspiratedpappears after an initials, e. g. in the word spin; an as
13、piratedph, e. g. initially in pin; but there is no context in which both would be normal. Therefore they are in complementary distribution, and they are described as allophones of the same phoneme.【试题解析】 (考查互补分布)4 【正确答案】 An inflectional affix is an affix that expresses a grammatical contrast that is
14、 obligatory for its stems word class in some given grammatical context. It does not change the word class of its stem and is typically located farther from its root than a derivational affix, and produces a predictable, nonidiosyncratic change of meaning, e. g. -s in books.【试题解析】 (考查屈折词缀)5 【正确答案】 Se
15、mantic broadening refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes more general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation. The broadening process is technically called generalization. An example of generalization is the word business, which originally meant “ the state of bei
16、ng busy, careworn, or anxious“ and was broadened to encompass all kinds of work or occupations.【试题解析】 (考查语义扩大)6 【正确答案】 In syntax, logical form refers to a certain level of mental representation of a linguistic expression, derived from surface structure. It is the semantic equivalent of phonetic form
17、, a representation of the sound of a sentence derived from its surface structure. Logical form is the level of representation which fully determines the semantics of a sentence.【试题解析】 (考查逻辑形式)7 【正确答案】 Psycholinguistics is the study of psychological aspects of language; it usually studies the psychol
18、ogical states and mental activity associated with the use of language. Most problems in psycholinguistics are more concrete , involving the study of language acquisition especially in children and linguistic performance such as producing and comprehending utterances or sentences among adults.【试题解析】
19、(考查心理语言学)8 【正确答案】 A syllabus is an outline and summary of topics to be covered in an education or training course. It is descriptive. A syllabus is often either set out by an exam board, or prepared by the professor who supervises or controls the course quality.【试题解析】 (考查教学大纲)9 【正确答案】 Performative u
20、tterances are not true or false, that is, not truth-evaluable; instead when something is wrong with them then they are “happy“ or “unhappy“ ; the uttering of a performative is, or is part of, the doing of a certain kind of action, the performance of which, again, would not normally be described as j
21、ust “saying“ or “describing“ something. For example, when Peter says “I promise to do the dishes“ in an appropriate context then he thereby does not just say something, and in particular he does not just describe what he is doing; rather, in making the utterance he performs the promise.【试题解析】 (考查行事行
22、为)10 【正确答案】 An interlanguage is a system of rules said to develop, in the mind of someone learning a foreign language, which is intermediate between that of their native language and that of the one being learned. For example, a learner in the early stages may use nothing but the present tense.【试题解析
23、】 (考查中介语)二、音标题11 【正确答案】 Structural description(SD);A is transformed into B when it appears before Y and after X. Structural change(SC):XAYXBY【试题解析】 考查音系规则中的结构描写和结构变化。音系规则读为：音段或特征 A 在 X_Y 的环境中变为 B。12 【正确答案】 In British RP, people pronounce an /r/ in red, where “r“ is followed by a vowel, but not in pa
24、rk, nor in bar when those words are said in isolation. However, if a word ending in written “r“ is followed closely by a word or by a suffix beginning with a vowel, the /r/ is pronounced as in water ice or in barring. This phenomenon is referred to as “linking-r“.(4 points)Therefore, although the wo
25、rd bar is pronounced as ba:, the word barring is pronounced as . The phonological rule can be given as r/_V.(3 points)And the rule reads; The voiceless letter “r“ is transformed intorwhen it appears directly before a vowel.(2 points)When the word park is followed by the suffix -ing, the vowel does n
26、ot directly follow the letter “r“ , so there is no phonological change.(1 point)【试题解析】 考查英语中的 r 音连读。单词末尾或音节末尾的 r 在英式英语中是不发音的。但是，当这个单词后面加上以元音开头的后缀或者这个单词后面紧跟着一个以元音开头的单词时，就会使原来不发音的字母 r 读为r ，并同后一个音节相连。根据音系规则，我们可以将其写为： rV此条规则的意思为：当不发音的字母 r 后面加上元音时，字母 r 将发音 r。而在单词 park 中，字母 r后面加的是辅音k，因此在单词 park，及单词 park 的
27、派生词 parking 中，字母 r都不发音。13 【正确答案】 Column 1: infixation(2 points)Column 2; suppletion(2 points)Column 3 : stress shift(2 points)Column 4: suffixation(2 points)【试题解析】 考查英语中的形态变化过程。形态变化过程有三种主要类型：词缀法、重叠法和变异法。词缀法可以分为前缀法、后缀法和中缀法；重叠法可以分为部分重叠法和完全重叠法；变异法种类繁多，包括元音变化法、异干法、减法和重音转移。14 【正确答案】 From the examples, we
28、 can see that compounds are those words that consist of more than one lexical morpheme, or the way to join two separate words to produce a single form. In compounds, the lexical morphemes can be of different word classes.(1 point)All the given words are endocentric compounds. The heads of them are d
29、erived from verbs. The first member is a participant of the process verb, which not only determines the category of the whole compound, but also determines the major part of the sense of the compound. In this sense, the right member serves as the head.(2 points)Compounds are written in different way
30、s. Some can be written as single words; some can be joined with a hyphen “-“ ; some can be written with ordinary space between the two parts.(1 point)Phrase is a single element of structure containing more than one word, and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clause. A phrase must be
31、 a group of words which form a constituent.(1 point)A verb phrase usually consists of a verb plus a nominal group, and is cbnsequently no longer a verb. The verb in the phrase serves as the head.(2 points)Phrases are written with ordinary space between the words.(1 point)【试题解析】 考查复合词与动词短语之间的区别。复合词指那
32、些由一个以上的词汇语素构成的词，或者由两个独立的词连接起来构成的新形式。例子中给出的都是向心复合词，中心成分都是从动词派生出来的，第一个成员都是动作过程的参与者，决定了整个复合词的词类和主要意义，可以被看作中心成分。短语在语言的层级中，介于词和小句中间，由两个或者更多词构成，但没有主谓结构。短语必须由几个词构成一个语法单位。动词短语通常由动词加上一个名词词组构成，而动词被看作中心成分。从书写方式来看，复合词有的可以写成一个词，有的可以用连字符“-”，也有的在其构成的两部分间可以有一个空格。构成短语的每个词之间用空格隔开。三、简答题15 【正确答案】 【试题解析】 考查直接成分分析法。短语一般包
33、含三部分：head(中心语) 、specifier(标志语)和 complement(补足语)。中心语左边的成分是标志语，右边的成分是补足语。如下图所示：16 【正确答案】 Deep structure:(6 points)Surface structure:(6 points)【试题解析】 考查深层结构到表层结构的转换。要求画出深层结构和表层结构以及转换两个树形图。深层结构是指一个结构体的句法属性的抽象表述，即不同成分之间的结构关系的潜在层面。表层结构是结构体句法派生过程的最后阶段，与人们实际发送、接受的结构组织是相符合的。17 【正确答案】 In sentence(A)the multip
34、le meaning of the sentence depends on the meaning.of the word bank, which could mean the money bank, or the river bank, or even the blood bank.(5 points)In sentence(B), the multiple meaning of the sentence depends on the noun phrase wealthy men and women. The phrase can be explained as(wealthy men)N
35、P and women, and also as wealthy(men and women)NP.(5 points)【试题解析】 考查语义歧义的产生。歧义是指一个语言表达可以有一种以上的理解或者诠释。根据歧义产生的层次，语义歧义可以分为两种，词汇歧义和结构歧义。在第一句话中，hank 可以理解为河边也可以理解为银行，因此整句话产生歧义。第二句，短语 wealthy men and women，既可以是 women and wealthy men 的意思，也可以理解为 wealthy men and wealthy women。18 【正确答案】 My reaction would be “
36、I would like you to open the door, please. “ or “Please open the door. “(1 point)According to the Speech Act Theory proposed by J. L. Austin, speech acts can be analysed on three levels; locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. Locutionary act is the utterance of a sentence with de
37、terminate sense and reference; illocutionary act is the making of a statement, order, promise, etc. in uttering a sentence by virtue of the conventional force associated with it; perlocutionary act is the bringing about of effects on the audience by means of uttering the sentence, such as efforts be
38、ing special to the circumstance.(3 points)In this context, when you say “Can you open the door?“ Its locutionary act is the saying of it with its literal meaning, which can be interpreted as asking whether he has the ability to open the door. Its illocutionary meaning can be a request of the hearer
39、to open the door. In this case, it is deliberately misunderstood as a question to ask whether the hearer has the ability to open the door, so he answered “Yes“.(4 points)Therefore, if the speaker wants to realize his intention, he has to use more direct requests, such as “ I would like you to open t
40、he door, please. “ or “Please open the door. “ , which cannot be misinterpreted.(2 points)【试题解析】 考查言语行为理论。言语行为理论由奥斯汀提出。根据言语行为理论，说话可以在三种意义上被看成是做事。第一种是说话，即为发话行为；第二种为行事行为，相当于说话者意义、语境意义或者附加意义；第三种意义涉及话语对听话人产生的效果，即取效行为。在本题中，“Can you open the door?”的言内意义是询问听话人是否有这样的能力，言外意义可以理解为一种请求。而听话者回答“Yes”是故意忽略了其言外意义，选
41、择了第一种理解，可以解释为“Yes ，I am able to”从中可以看出，说话者没有达到其目的，这句话没能产生相应的取效行为。因此说话者可以选择更为直接的陈述句表示请求，如“I would like you to open the door”或者祈使句“Please open the door”19 【正确答案】 Conversational implicature is proposed by H. P. Grice. He coined the term implicature for communicated non-truth-conditional meaning; a conv
42、entional implicature is non-truth-conditional meaning associated with a particular linguistic expression; a conversational implicature is not intrinsically associated with any expression; it is inferred from the use of some utterance in context.(3 points)It has four characteristics; cancellability,
43、non-detachability, calculability and non-conventionality.(2 points)Cancellability is also known as defeasibility. It is known that the presence of a conversational implicature relies on a number of factors: the conventional meaning of words used, the CP, the linguistic and situational contexts, etc.
44、 So if any of them changes, the implicature will also change.(4 points)For example;a. John has three cows.b. John has only three cows.c. John has three cows, if not more.d. John has at least three cows.In these sentences, a usually implicates b. But if the speaker adds “if not more“ to a, to change
45、it to c, then the previous implicature b is cancelled or defeated. And c means d.(3 points)A conversational implicature may even be cancelled simply by the situational context. If to have three cows is a condition for anyone to get a subsidy from the government, then when the inspector asks Johns ne
46、ighbour, he could very well answer f, without implicating b.e. Has John really got the requisite number of cows?f. Oh, sure, hes got three cows all right.(3 points)【试题解析】 考查会话含义的特征之一：可取消性。会话含义(conversational implicature)是美国哲学家格赖斯首先提出的，它是语用学的核心内容，在言语交际中起着非常重要的作用。会话含义具有以下特征：可取消性(cancellability)，不可分离性(
47、non 一 detachability)，可推导性(calculability)和非规约性(non conventionality)。可取消性也被称为可废除性。根据格赖斯的会话含义理论，会话含义的存在依赖于一些因素：所用词的规约意义、合作原则、语言和情景语境等。所以如果其中一个因素变了，含义也会发生相应的变化。会话含义也可以只通过情景语境的改变来消除。20 【正确答案】 Many language learning theories are proposed based on certain linguistic theories. Knowledge in linguistics lies
48、at the root of understanding what language learners can learn, how they actually learn and what they learn ultimately. Therefore, linguistics has always played an important role in the studies of language acquisition and learning.(1 point)Linguistics can contribute to language learning research in t
49、hree ways:(1)Grammar and language learninga. Focus on form: Although language learning should generally be meaning-focused and communication-oriented , it is still necessary and beneficial to focus on form occasionally.b. Universal grammar; A theory which claims to account for the grammatical competence of every adult no matter what language he or she speaks. It claims that every speaker knows a set of principles which apply to all languages and also a set of parameters that can vary from one language to
