1、2013 年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析一、单项选择题1 Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication. Thus we say it has the property of_.（A）arbitrariness（B） displacement（C） creativity（D）duality2 The_function of language enables o
2、ur language to talk about itself.（A）performative（B） emotive（C） phatic（D）metalingual3 Which segment in the following does not share one or more phonetic features with the other segments?（A）m（B） l（C） w（D）s4 Which is the description of the consonantb?（A）voiceless bilabial stop（B） voiced bilabial stop（C
3、） voiceless alveolar fricative（D）voiced alveolar fricative5 When preceding /p/, the negative prefix in-changes to im-through a process called _（A）dissimilation（B） bilabialization（C） assimilation（D）none of the above6 The number of morphemes in the word girls is_.（A）one（B） two（C） three（D）four7 Which o
4、f the following is an endocentric compound?（A）runaway（B） playboy（C） self-control（D）breakthrough8 Which of the following is not a bound root morpheme?（A）-put（B） -ceive（C） -mit（D）-tain9 The word televise is created through the process of_.（A）blending（B） invention（C） back-formation（D）borrowing10 The gr
5、ammatical category which is used in the analysis of word classes to identify the syntactic relationship between words in a sentence is _.（A）case（B） agreement（C） tense（D）aspect11 Which pair of antonyms does not belong to gradable antonyms?（A）good, bad（B） hit, miss（C） long, short（D）small, big12 The in
6、direct theory to meaning proposed by Ogden and Richards holds that the relation between a word and a thing is mediated by_.（A）reference（B） concept（C） control（D）dependency13 The following figures were very influential in the field of linguistics in the first two decades of the twentieth century excep
7、t _.（A）Saussure（B） Bloomfield（C） Chomsky（D）Firth14 The principal and most obvious contrast between the last two centuries has been the rapid rise of_ linguistics, as opposed to _ linguistics.（A）descriptive, historical（B） structural, generative（C） functional, formalist（D）structural, historical15 The
8、Prague school was a group of Czech and other scholars, whose main interest lays in _ theory.（A）phonetic（B） phonological（C） semantic（D）syntactic16 _usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language.（A）Cognitive linguistics（B） Corpus linguistics（C） Psycho
9、linguistics（D）Neuro-linguistics17 Which of the following terms is included in psycholinguistics?（A）Register.（B） Language acquisition.（C） Metaphor.（D）Interlanguage.18 Logic and Conversation was written by_.（A）H. E Grice（B） William James（C） Stephen Levinson（D）John Austin19 _ involves the comparison of
10、 two concepts in that one is construed in terms of the other.（A）Simile（B） Metaphor（C） Alliteration（D）Metonymy20 Modern linguistics began from _, who is often described as “father of modern linguistics“.（A）Chomsky（B） Halliday（C） Bloomfield（D）Saussure21 As an interdisciplinary study of language use, _
11、 attempts to show the relationship between language and society.（A）semantics（B） pragmatics（C） sociolinguistics（D）psycholinguistics22 Chomsky believes that language is somewhat innate, and that children are born with what he calls a(an)_.（A）Language Acquisition Device（B） Generative Grammar（C） Innaten
12、ess Hypothesis（D）Universal Grammar23 According to the conversational maxim of_suggested by Grice, one should speak truthfully.（A）quantity（B） quality（C） relevance（D）Manner24 _is a cognitive operation whereby elements of two or more “mental spaces“ are integrated via projecting into a new, blended spa
13、ce which has its unique structure.（A）The Referential Theory（B） Speech Act Theory（C） The Classical Theory（D）Blending Theory25 _ is a theory of linguistic analysis which refers to an analysis of utterances (or texts)in term of the information they contain.（A）Functional Sentence Perspective（B） X-bar Th
14、eory（C） The Standard Theory（D）The Referential Theory26 Which of the following is not related to Chomsky?（A）The Generative Grammar.（B） The Standard Theory.（C） The Systemic-Functional Theory.（D）The Classical Theory.27 Which of the following is not the principle of Speech Act Theory?（A）Illocutionary ac
15、t.（B） Locutionary act.（C） Perlocutionary act.（D）Prelocutionary act.28 It is a commonplace in linguistics to say that _ was the era of the comparative and historical study of language.（A）the 18th century（B） the 19th century（C） the 17 th century（D）the 20 th century29 Three of the following scholars ar
16、e regarded as the best known ones in the linguistic science of the early nineteenth century except_.（A）F. Bopp（B） R. Rask（C） J. Grimm（D）K. Verner30 The major linguistic controversy in the last quarter of the 19th century was concerned with what is now referred to as _.（A）the prosodic phonology（B） th
17、e systemic grammar（C） the neogrammarian（D）the Generative Grammar二、名词解释31 Distinctive Feature32 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis33 Immediate Constituent Analysis34 Relevance Theory35 Contrastive Analysis三、写作题36 Judge which of the following sentences are grammatically ill-formed or well-formed and give your rea
18、sons why they are acceptable or unacceptable.(100 - 150 words)He said a few words to the press.He said to the press.He said to the press a few words.He said a few words.He said a few words the press.He said the press a few words.37 One way of formalizing, or making absolutely precise, the sense-rela
19、tions that hold among lexemes is by means of Componential Analysis, that is, to find a minimal pair between every two items. For example,Please discuss the feasibility or infeasibility and significance or insignificance of Componential Analysis.(100-150 words)38 Austins first shot at his Speech Act
20、Theory is his claim that there are two types of sentences; PERFORMATIVES and CONSTATIVES. Please state what they are and illustrate them with examples.(100 - 150 words).39 Speculative grammar includes Thomas Aquinass inquiry based on Priscians grammar and Donapus grammar, Petrus Helias philosophical
21、 and logical explanation of Priscians grammar and Roger Bacons universal account of language under the surface of diversity. Please give your comments on their work and give your own ideas of the universality and diversity of human languages.(100 - 150 words)2013 年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析一、单项选择题1 【
22、正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查语言的移位性特征。移位性是指语言使用者可以不受时间和空间的限制，用符号代表当下不在场的事物或概念。2 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 考查元语言功能。元语言功能指可以用语言来讨论语言本身。3 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 考查音位特征。m、l 和w均为带声音段(voiced)，而s 为不带声音段(voiceless) 。4 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查b在辅音中的分类音位特征。 b是一个浊辅音，按发音方法来看，属于爆破音，按发音位置来看，属于双唇音。5 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 考查同化现象。同化现象指一个音获得邻音的某些或全部特征的过程。前面的音影响后
23、面的音被称为顺同化，后面的音影响前面的音被称为逆同化。6 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查词素。girl 是一个自由词素，一 s 是一个表示复数的屈折词素。7 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 考查向心复合词。复合词包括向心复合词和离心复合词。向心复合词的中心成分是从动词派生出来的，第一个成分通常是动词的参与者；离心复合词由动词+名词形容词介词构成。8 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查粘着词根。粘着词根是指不能独立出现的词根。A 项 put 可独立出现，其余三项均不可。9 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 考查逆构词法。逆构词法是指把一个语言中已经存在的较长单词删去想象中的词缀，由此造出一个较短的
24、单词。10 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查语法范畴。名词的语法范畴有：数(number)、性(gender) 、格(case)，动词的则包括时态(tense)和体(aspect) 。格 (case)范畴是用来辨别句中词与词之间的句法关系的。11 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查反义关系。反义关系包括等级反义和互补反义。等级反义词可以表现不同程度的差别，主要是形容词。12 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查语义三角。奥格登和瑞恰兹在意义的意义中提出了“语义三角”，指出词和所指事物之间没有直接关系，而是以概念为中介的。13 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 考查语言学家在语言学史上的出现时间。乔
25、姆斯基于 20 世纪 50 年代后期出现在语言学界的舞台上，1957 年出版的句法结构标志着其对传统语法的革命。14 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 考查语言学史。在 19 世纪，历史语言学占主导地位，语言学家们致力于对不同语言进行比较分析，揭示语言间的亲属关系以及它们的历史发展。20世纪初，瑞士语言学家索绪尔出版了普通语言学教程，奠定了结构主义语言学的基础。15 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查布扎格学派。布拉格学派以其对音系学的研究最为著名。此外，该学派还区分了音位学和音系学。16 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 考查心理语言学。心理语言学是研究与语言使用相关的心理状态和心理活动的。17 【
26、正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查心理语言学。语言习得是心理语言学的中心研究课题之一。18 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查语言学家和对应的著作。格赖斯在逻辑与对话中提出了合作原则。19 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查隐喻的概念。隐喻涉及两个概念的比较，一个概念借用另一个概念加以识解或诠释。A 项是明喻，即把一种事物和另一种事物作比较，并通过展现一种事物如何与另一事物相似来解释这种事物。C 项是头韵，指两个单词或两个单词以上的首字母相同，形成悦耳的读音，如：first andforemost( 首先) 。D 项转喻是以某一物体名替代另一物体名。20 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 考查现代语
27、言学之父。索绪尔被称为现代语言学之父。21 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 考查社会语言学。社会语言学是一门跨学科、研究语言使用的学科，其目标是揭示语言与社会的关系。22 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查天赋假设。乔姆斯基认为语言是某种天赋，儿童天生就具有一种语言学习的能力，叫做“语言习得机制”。23 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查合作原则的四项准则。说话的真实性是符合质量准则。24 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 考查整合理论。整合理论是一种认知操作，两个或更多的心理空间的元素投射到一个新的整合的空间，该空间有着自己独特的结构。25 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 考查句子功能前景。句子功能
28、前景是布拉格学派的语言分析理论，指用所含信息来分析话语或篇章，其基本原则是评价话语中每一个部分对全句意义的贡献。26 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 考查乔姆斯基的理论。转换生成语法、标准理论和古典理论都属于乔姆斯基的理论。系统功能语法理论是由韩礼德提出来的。27 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 考查言语行为理论。青语行为理论包括发话行为、行事行为和取效行为。28 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 考查历史比较语言学一历史比较语言学在 19 世纪的欧洲占绝对主导地位，其原因是学者发现印度梵语，并在 18 世纪末证实了梵语与希腊语、拉丁语和德语有无可争辩的历史联系。29 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 考
29、查语言学家的所属年代。德国的葆朴、丹麦的拉斯克和德国的格里姆是 19 世纪初期历史比较语言学的奠基人。维尔纳是 19 世纪后半叶的语言学家，他补充了格里姆定律，完善了音变规律研究。30 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 考查语言学史知识。19 世纪的最后 25 年是历史比较语言学的“新语法学派”时期。这个学派的代表人物是奥斯特霍夫(HOsthoff)和布鲁克曼(KBrugmann)，他们在自己创办的刊物形态学研究上正式宣布：语音演变规律不允许任何例外。“维尔纳定律”是这一时期的一项重要研究成果。二、名词解释31 【正确答案】 A means of working out a set of phon
30、ological contrasts or oppositions to capture particular aspects of language sounds, first suggested by Roman Jacobson in the 1940s and then developed by numerous other scholars.【试题解析】 (考查对语音区别特征的理解)32 【正确答案】 It is a theoretic assumption which suggests that our language helps mould our way of thinkin
31、g, and consequently, different languages may probably express our unique ways of understanding the world. This hypothesis has two important points;(1)linguistic determinismlanguage may determine our thinking patterns and(2)linguistic relativitysimilarity between language is relative, the greater the
32、ir structural differentiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be.【试题解析】 (考查萨丕尔一沃尔夫假说)33 【正确答案】 Immediate Constituent Analysis, IC analysis for short, refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituentsword groups(phrases), which are in turn anal
33、yzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience. The IC analysis of a sentence may be carried out with brackets or shown with a tree diagram.【试题解析】 (考查直接成分分析法)34 【正确答案】 This theory was formally proposed by Sperber and Wilson in their
34、book Relevance; Communication and Cognition in 1986. They argue that all Gricean maxims, including the CP itself, should be reduced to a single principle of relevance, which is defined as; Every act of ostensive communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance.【试题解析】 (考查对关联理论的
35、理解)35 【正确答案】 Contrastive Analysis, or CA, is a way of comparing languages(e. g. , LI and L2)in order to determine potential errors for the ultimate purpose of isolating what needs to be learned and what does not need to be learned in a second language learning situation. The goal of Contrastive Anal
36、ysis is to predict what areas will be easy to learn and what areas will be difficult to learn.【试题解析】 (考查对比分析法)三、写作题36 【正确答案】 Sentence 1,3 and 4 are grammatically well-formed while sentence 2,5 and 6 are ill-formed. When “say“ is regarded as a transitive verb, it should have an object.(1 point)The ob
37、ject should be non-personal and about the content of the utterance.(1 point)If one wants to refer to a personal object after “say“ , the preposition “to“ should be used.(1 point)There is no restriction on the relative sequence of the non-personal object(the content)and the personal object, except fo
38、r one case; the non-personal object is a pronoun. If the non-personal object is a pronoun, the sequence should be “ say + pronoun + to sb. “(1 point)In sentence 1 and 3, the word “to“ is used to introduce the personal object;the non-personal object is a noun phrase, so both sequences in the two sent
39、ences are acceptable. In sentence 5 and 6, there is no “to“ before “the press“ , so they are ill-formed.(4 points)Sentence 4 is well-formed since the verb has a non-personal object after it. But sentence 2 is ill-formed for it has no appropriate object.(2 points)【试题解析】 考查动词 say 的用法。1、3 和 4 句的语法是正确的，
40、 2、5 和 6 句是错误的。say 作及物动词时，后面必须要接宾语；宾语是说话的内容而不是说话的对象；若要指出说话的对象，则要用 to 引出。至于句子中说话内容和说话对象的相对顺序，若说话内容为代词，则顺序为：say+代词+to sb；若为名词词组，则二者的顺序相对比较自由。此外，要和 give 等可以接双宾语的动词区分开。2 句中 say 为及物动词，缺少直接宾语；5 句和 6 句把 say 当成了双宾语动词，缺少 to引出说话的对象 the press。37 【正确答案】 The feasibility of Componential Analysis is questioned sin
41、ce there are difficulties in the approach to analyzing the meaning of a word in terms of semantic components.(1 point)The first one is that many words have more than one meaning, and consequently they will have different sets of semantic components.(2 points)Secondly, some semantic components are se
42、en as binary taxonomies. But some distinctions are relatively clear-cut while others are rather vague.(2 points)Thirdly, besides the neatly organized parts of vocabulary, there are also words whose semantic components are difficult to ascertain. Thus whether the vocabulary of every language can be a
43、nalyzed in this way is a question. Even if the answer is yes, there is still the question of how to explain the semantic components themselves.(3 points)However, Componential Analysis is still significant. This approach enables people to better account for sense relations between words, expressions
44、and sentences. To determine which kind of relation two words or expressions or sentences havesynonyms, antonyms or hyponyms, one only have to examine whether the semantic components are the same, or contrasting, or included in those of another.【试题解析】 考查对成分分析的理解和评价。对于词汇组织中整齐的部分，用成分分析法能够很好地说明两个词或词组或句子
45、间的涵义关系。但是并不是所有词汇都适合用成分分析法：一、很多词语不止有一个意义，它们有几套语义成分；二、语义成分的二分并不完全清晰；三、有些单词的语义成分是难以确定的。是否每种语言的词汇都可以用此方法分析是不能肯定的。即使能，仍存在语义成分本身如何解释的问题。38 【正确答案】 In Speech Act Theory, performatives do not describe things and cannot be said to be true or false. The uttering of these sentences is, or is a part of, the doin
46、g of an action.(2 points)For example;If a person shouts “watch out“ , he or she is doing the action of warning. If one says “I promise to finish it in time“ , he or she is making a promise. Both the warning and the promise cannot be considered as true or false, but they can be measured against the f
47、elicity conditions.(3 points)Constatives are descriptions which assert something that is either true or false.(2 points)For example; One says “ it is raining outside“. It is a description of the current weather. The hearer can look out to see whether the statement is true.(3 points)【试题解析】 考查施为句和叙事句。
48、奥斯汀的言语行为理论区分了两种句子：施为句和叙事句。施为句不描述事物，说出这些句子的同时就实施了某种行为。施为句不可以判断真假，而是要根据合适的条件来判断是否适宜。叙事句主要是描述事物，有真假之分。39 【正确答案】 Aquinas integrated the philosophy of Aristotle into the study of language. He believed that Priscian and Donapus only focused on Latin language and neglected the deeper theoretical explanatio
49、n. Petrus Helias philosophical and logical explanation of Priscians grammar made philosophy and logic an effective way to explore grammar and triggered the discussion on universal grammar. Bacon believed that the grammars of all the languages are the same in essence and the surface differences are accidental. Speculative Grammar attempts to explore the essence of the language and has great impact on Transformational-Generative Gram
