1、考研英语模拟试卷 314 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 “In the long run,“ as John Maynard Keynes observed, “we are all dead. “ True. But can the【1】run be elongated in a way that makes the
2、long run【2】? And if so, how, and at what cost? People have dreamt of【3】since time immemorial. They have sought it since the first alchemist put an elixir of【4】on the same shopping list as a way to turn lead into gold. They have【 5】about it in fiction, from Rider Haggards “She“ to Frank Herberts “Dun
3、e“. And now, with the growth of【6】 knowledge that has marked the past few decades, a few researchers believe it might be within【7】. To think about the question, it is important to understand why organisms-people【8】-age in the first place. People are like machines: they【9】That much is obvious. Howeve
4、r, a machine can always be【10】A good mechanic with a stock of spare parts can keep it going【11】. Eventually, no part of the【12】may remain, but it still carries on, like Lincolns famous axe that had three new handles and two new blade. The question, of course, is whether the machine is worth【13】. It
5、is here that people and nature【14】. Or, to put it slightly【15】, two bits of nature disagree with each other. From the individuals point of view,【16】is an imperative. You cannot reproduce unless you are alive. A fear of death is a sensible evolved response and, since【17】is a sure way of dying, it is
6、no surprise that people want to stop it in its tracks. Moreover, even the appearance of ageing can be【18】. It 【19】the range of potential sexual partners who find you attractive-since it is a sign that you are not going to be【20】all that long to help bring up baby-and thus, again, curbs your reproduc
7、tion.（A）short（B） long（C） shorter（D）longer （A）shorter（B） longer（C） faster（D）slower （A）mortality（B） immortality（C） no disease（D）no disaster （A）gold（B） fame（C） life（D）power （A）recorded（B） imagined（C） read（D）written （A）physical（B） chemical（C） scientific（D）biological （A）reach（B） knowledge（C） researches（D
8、）plan （A）excluded（B） included（C） apart（D）without （A）wear down（B） wear away（C） wear out（D）wear on （A）disposed（B） repaired（C） bought（D）replaced （A）definitely（B） temporarily（C） effectively（D）indefinitely （A）spare（B） original（C） new（D）advanced （A）replacing（B） repairing（C） buying（D）upgrading （A）compromis
9、e（B） agree（C） disagree（D）consent （A）differently（B） consistently（C） similarly（D）identically （A）living（B） survival（C） death（D）reproduction （A）ageing（B） fearing（C） disease（D）disaster （A）useful（B） cheerful（C） harmful（D）doubtful （A）settles（B） closes（C） reduces（D）extends （A）around（B） helpful（C） with（D）tog
10、ether Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 She was French; he was English; they had just moved to London from Paris. When he found out about her affair, she begged for a reconciliation. He was more ruthless: the
11、 same afternoon, he filed for divorce in France, one of the stingiest jurisdictions in Europe for the non-earning spouse and where adultery affects the courts ruling. Had she filed first in England her conduct would have been irrelevant, and she would have had a good chance of a large share of the m
12、arital assets, and even maintenance for life. International divorce is full of such dramas and anomalies, so the natural response of policymakers is to try to make things simpler and more predictable. But the biggest attempt in recent years to do just that, in a European agreement called Rome , has
13、just been shelved. Instead, several EU countries are now pressing ahead with their own harmonisation deal. Many wonder if it will work any better. At issue is the vexed question of which countrys law applies to the break-up of a mixed marriage. The spouses may live long-term in a third country and b
14、e temporarily working in a fourth. The worst way to sort that out is with expensive legal battles in multiple jurisdictions. The main principle at present is that the first court to be approached hears the case. Introduced in 2001, this practice has worked well in preventing international legal batt
15、les, but has made couples much more trigger-happy, because the spouse who hesitates in order to save a troubled marriage may lose a huge amount of money. Rome III aimed to remove the incentive to go to court quickly. Instead, courts in any EU country would automatically apply the local law that had
16、chiefly governed the marriage. This approach is already in force in countries such as the Netherlands. A couple that moved there and sought divorce having spent most of the marriage in France, say, would find a Dutch court dividing assets and handling child custody according to French law. That work
17、s fine among continental European countries where legal systems, based on Roman law, leave little role for precedent or the judges discretion. You can look up the rules on a website and apply them. But it is anathema in places such as England, where the system favours a thorough (and often expensive
18、) investigation of the details of each case, and then lets judges decide according to previous cases and English law. Another snag is that what may suit middle-class expatriates in Brussels (who just happened to be the people drafting Rome ) may not suit, for example, a mixed marriage that has mainl
19、y been based in a country, perhaps not even an EU member, with“ a sharply different divorce law. Swedish politicians dont like the idea that their courts would be asked to enforce marriage laws based on, say, Islamic sharia. The threat of vetoes from Sweden and like-minded countries has blocked Rome
20、 . But a group of nine countries, led by Spain and France, is going ahead. They are resorting to a provision in EU rules-never before invoked-called “ enhanced co-operation“ This sets a precedent for a “multi-speed“ Europe in which like-minded countries are allowed to move towards greater integratio
21、n, rather than seeking a “big-bang“ binding treaty that scoops up the willing and unwilling alike. Some countries worry that using enhanced co-operation will create unmanageable layers of complexity, with EU law replaced by multiple adhoc agreements. The real lesson may be that Rome III was just too
22、 ambitious. A more modest but useful goal would be simply to clarify the factors that determine which court hears a divorce, and then let that court apply its own law. David Hodson, a British expert, proposes an international deal that would start by giving greatest weight to any prenuptial agreemen
23、t, followed by long-term residency, and then take into account other factors such as nationality. That would then make it easier to end marriages amicably, with mediation and out-of-court agreement, rather than a race to start the beastly business of litigation.21 What does the author try to express
24、 by setting out the example in the first paragraph?（A）Divorce filed in England will be advantageous.（B） France stipulates rigid laws towards divorce.（C） In Europe international divorce cases always encounter the problem that which countrys law is applicable.（D）International marriages shall be discou
25、raged due to the complexity in divorce affairs. 22 Which of the following may possibly be the reason for why several EU countries are now pressing ahead with their own harmonisation deal?（A）Vetoes from some countries blocked Rome III from being put into effect.（B） Citizens in those countries require
26、 the government to do so.（C） Rome was just too ambitious to encompass all the issues that may occur in Europe, thus lacking of feasibility in specific cases.（D）Differences between civil law system and common law system force this. 23 What does “trigger-happy“ in the fourth paragraph most probably me
27、an7（A）Couples are more inclined to divorce, being detrimental to the matrimonial stability of Europe.（B） Couples are more inclined to quarrel during the divorce, postponing the settlement of the case.（C） Couples that fail to divorce would be ashamed into anger, thus pursing extreme ways.（D）Couples t
28、hat want to divorce are more inclined to file their case to the courts in the country where they live. 24 What is the ultimate problem with Rome according to the author?（A）It is not passed in all the member countries in EU.（B） Important amendments fail to be applied to make it more applicable.（C） It
29、s rules are not applicable in all the member countries.（D）It is too ambitious to encompass all the issues that may occur in Europe, thus lacking of feasibility in specific cases. 25 According to the text, what might possibly be a reasonable course in determining which court hears a divorce.9（A）Prenu
30、ptial agreement-long-term residency-nationality（B） Long-term residency-birth place-nationality of the party who filed divorce（C） Prenuptial agreement-nationality-birth place（D）Court first hears the case-prenuptial agreement-long-term residency 25 When two of the worlds richest and mightiest men pled
31、ge to destroy an enemy, it is time to pay attention. Bill Gates, the former boss of Microsoft who now devotes all his time to his charitable foundation, travelled this week to New York, the city run by Michael Bloomberg, to join his fellow billionaires campaign to stamp out smoking. Have the two pot
32、entates met their match? Despite decades of work by health campaigners, more than one billion people still smoke today. Smoking kills up to half of those who fail to quit puffing, reducing their lives by an average of 10 to 15 years. The World Health Organisation (WHO) says more than 5 million peopl
33、e a year die early from the effects (direct or indirect) of tobacco. That exceeds the combined toll of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. Despite that dismal situation, there are three reasons to give the latest pair of campaigners a slim chance of success: money, methods and motivation. Messrs Gat
34、es and Bloomberg vowed to spend a combined total of $ 500 million on discouraging the weed. Since Mr. Bloombergs charity had already announced an award of $125 million earlier, the new money pledged this week totalled a “mere“ $ 375 million: $ 250 million from the mayor, and a fresh $ 125 million fr
35、om the software magnates philanthropic outfit. How will this cash be spent? In quite innovative ways, and that is a second reason for optimism. Hitherto, most anti-smoking funds have been channelled through a few large bureaucracies. But Mr. Bloombergs charity wants to let a thousand flowers bloom:
36、in other words, to lend a hand to many initiatives, both public and private, to see what works. There will be a competitive grant scheme for poor countries where the tobacco habit is spreading. The very fact that two giants are teaming up is a landmark in American philanthropy- comparable to Warren
37、Buffetts decision, two years ago, to put his fortune at the disposal of Mr. Gates foundation. As part of their joint commitment, Mr. Gates is giving some of his $ 125 million directly to Mr. Bloombergs charity; the rest will go to carefully monitored projects in India, China and other places where t
38、he number of smokers is rising relentlessly. Then there is motivation. There are other big players in this cause, and that should induce every new entrant to try bringing something fresh to the party. Earlier this year the WHO started a campaign against tobacco known as MPower. One of its selling po
39、ints was that in contrast with many other projects, it had a fairly clear idea about what was needed. WHO experts have listed a series of tactics, ranging from aggressive public education to a rise in tobacco taxes, that deliver results. (Even if high taxes lead to some smuggling and diversion, stud
40、ies done in Brazil, for example, show that fiscal measures do curb consumption. ) The World Bank, which funded that research, is also thought to be ready to join the anti-smoking scrum after years of paying little attention. A crowded field, indeed. But having an extra $ 500 million from two hard-dr
41、iven billionaires surely wont hurt.26 What does “stamp out“ in the first paragraph probably mean?（A）Crush severely.（B） Mark significantly.（C） Destroy completely.（D）Wipe heavily. 27 As to the money of this campaign, which of the following statements is TRUE?（A）Messrs Gates and Bloomberg will assume a
42、ll the money needed for this campaign.（B） Money from Mr. Bloomberg will partly be included in the budget of New York City.（C） Messrs Gates offered more money than Bloomberg did this week.（D）There will be a combined total of $ 875 million for this campaign. 28 According to the text, how will the mone
43、y be spent?（A）On government-lead projects only.（B） On either public or private projects, as long as it works.（C） Mainly on promoting anti-smoking campaign in developing countries.（D）On supporting the law suits against tobacco companies. 29 What is the unique significance of the MPower campaign?（A）It
44、 is backed by many powerful organizations and companies.（B） It has a clear idea of what measures should be taken.（C） It has top specialists of WHO being the counselors.（D）It adopts fiscal, administrative and medical measures. 30 What can we infer from the last paragraph about the authors attitude to
45、wards this campaign?（A）Neutral.（B） Negative.（C） Affirmative.（D）Not sure. 30 In 2007 a French food company wanted to buy a family-owned firm in India. The patriarch was 72, and the French firm wanted to send someone of similar experience to talk to him. But because of its youthful corporate culture-m
46、ost people are hustled out of the door in their mid 40s-it had no one to send. In the end, through Experconnect, an employment agency in Paris which places retired people, it found a 58-year-old former head of a European consumer-goods firm, and sent him out to Mumbai. France has a poor record when
47、it comes to keeping older people in the workforce. The retirement age is 60, not 65 as in most developed countries. In 2005 only 37.8% of people aged 55-64 had jobs, versus 56.8% in Britain and 44.9% in Germany. The main reason is that in the 1980s, when there was high unemployment, the government p
48、romoted early retirement. That entrenched the idea that older workers were less productive, says Caroline Young, Experconnects founder. Now companies are worried about losing their most skilled workers, especially as the baby boom generation nears retirement. Areva, a nuclear-power group, recently l
49、aunched a scheme to address the needs of older employees, and plans to use about 100 retired people a year through Experconnect. Because nuclear power was unpopular for decades, Areva stopped training engineers, so that much of its expertise lies with its oldest staff. Now it is taking much more interest in them. “We have to bring about a revolution in opinion,“ says Jean Cassingena, its human-resources strategist. Unlike other recruitment agencies, Experconnect keeps its workers on its own books, so they can carry on drawing their pensions. They tend to w
