1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 18 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 Immigrant Students in Their Studies on Made and Female DifferencesWhen it comes to schooling, the Herrera boys are no match for the Herrera girls. Last w
2、eek, four years after she arrived from Honduras, Martha, 20, graduated from Fairfax High school in Los Angeles. She managed decent grades while working 36 hours a week at a Kentucky Fried Chicken. Her sister, Marlin, 22, attends a local community college and will soon be a certified nurse assistant.
3、 The brothers are a different story. Oscar, 17, was expelled two years ago from Fairfax for carrying a knife and later dropped out of a different school. The youngest, Jonathan, 15, is now in a juvenile boot camp after running into trouble with the law. “The boys get sidetracked more,“ says the kids
4、 mother, Suyapa Landaverde. “The girls are more confident.“This is no aberration. Immigrant girls consistently outperform boys, according to the preliminary findings of a just completed, five-year study of immigrant children the largest of its kind, including Latino, Chinese and Haitian kidsby Marce
5、lo and Carola Suarez Orozco of the Harvard Graduate School of Education. Though that trend holds for U. S.-born kids as well, the reasons for the discrepancy among immigrants are different. The study found that immigrant girls are more adept at straddling cultures than boys. “The girls are able to r
6、etain some of the protective features of (their native) culture“ because theyre kept closer to the hearth, says Marcelo Suarez Orozco, “while they maximize their acquisition of skills in the new culture “ by helping their parents navigate it.Consider the kids experiences in school. The study found t
7、hat boys face more peer pressure to adopt American youth culturethe dress, the slang, the disdain for education. Theyre disciplined more often and, as a result, develop more adversarial relationships with teachersand the wider society. They may also face more debilitating prejudices. One teacher int
8、erviewed for the study said that the “ cultural awareness training“ she received as part of her continuing education included depictions of Latino boys as “aggressive“ and “really macho“ and of the girls as “pure sweetness“ .Gender shapes immigrant kids experiences outside school as well. Often hail
9、ing from traditional cultures, the girls face greater domestic obligations. They also frequently act as “ cultural ambassadors“, translating for parents and mediating between them and the outside world, says Carola Suarez Orozco. An unintended consequence: “The girls get foisted into a responsible r
10、ole more than the boys do.“ Take Christina Im, 18, a junior at Fairfax who arrived from South Korea four years ago. She ranks ninth in a class of 400 students and still finds time to fix dinner for the family and work on Saturdays at her mothers clothing shop. Her brother? “He plays computer games,“
11、 says Im.The Harvard study bears a cautionary note: If large numbers of immigrant boys continue to be alienated academicallyand to be clear, plenty perform phenomenally they risk sinking irretrievably into an economic underclass. Oscar Herrera, Marthas dropout brother, may be realizing that. “Im thi
12、nking of returning ot school,“ he recently told his mother. He ought to look to his sisters for guidance.1 In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by_.（A）posing a contrast（B） justifying an assumption（C） making a comparison（D）explaining a phenomenon2 The statement “they also frequen
13、tly act as cultural ambassadors“ (Line 45, Para. 4) implies that_.（A）they work as a translator for their parents（B） they help their parents have a better understanding of the foreign culture（C） they encourage their parents to go into the outside world（D）their parents help them realize their dream of
14、 becoming an ambassador3 Immigrant boys do not fare well in the outside world because of the following reasons, EXCEPT that_.（A）American youth culture has a bad influence on the boys（B） people have prejudice against them（C） their sense of responsibility is not as strong as that of the girls（D）they d
15、o not get well along with the teachers and the outside world4 Marcelo and Carola Suarez-Orozco have eventually found in their study that_.（A）the immigrant boys should not be allowed to go into the outside world（B） the immigrant boys have no judgment about the youth culture（C） the immigrant girls do
16、a better job than the immigrant boys（D）the immigrant boys should be severely disciplined5 What can we infer from the last paragraph?（A）All the dropouts should receive good education.（B） Many immigrant boys are likely to fall into trouble in the future.（C） Schooling education has been neglected.（D）Mo
17、re attention should be paid to the immigrant children.5 The University Makes Use of Knowledge to Obtain Economic InterestNobody ever went into academia to make a fast buck. Professors, especially those in medical-and technology-related fields, typically earn a fraction of what their colleagues in in
18、dustry do. But suddenly, big money is starting to flow into the ivory tower, as university administrators wake up to the commercial potential of academic research. And the institutions are wrestling with a whole new set of issues.The profits are impressive: The Association of University Technology M
19、anagers surveyed 132 universities and found that they earned a combined $ 576 million from patent royalties in 1998, a number that promises to keep rising dramatically. Schools like Columbia University in New York have aggressively marketed their inventions to corporations, particularly pharmaceutic
20、al and high-tech companies.Now Columbia is going retailon the Web. It plans to go beyond the typical “dot. edu“ model, free sites listing courses and professorsresearch interests. Instead, it will offer the expertise of its faculty on a new for-profit site which will be spun off as an independent co
21、mpany. The site will provide free access to educational and research content, say administrators, as well as advanced features that are already available to Columbia students, such as a simulation of the construction and architecture of a French cathedral and interactive 3-D models of organic chemic
22、als. Free pages will feed into profit-generating areas, such as online courses and seminars, and related books and tapes. Columbia executive vice provost Michael Crow imagines “millions of visitors“ to the new site, including retirees and students willing to pay to tap into this educational resource
23、. “We can offer the best of whats thought and written and researched,“ says Ann Kirschner, who heads the project. Columbia also is anxious not be aced out by some of the other for-profit “knowledge sites“, such as About, com and Hungry Minds. “If they capture this space,“ says Crow, “theyll begin to
24、 cherry-pick our best faculty. “Profits from the sale of patents typically have been divided between the researcher, the department and the uniyersity, and Web profits would work the same way, so many faculty members are delighted. But others find the trend worrisome: is a professor who stands to pr
25、ofit from his or her research as credible as one who doesnt? Will universities provide more support to researchers working in profitable fields than to scholars toiling in more musty areas?“ If theres the perception that we might be making money from our efforts, the authority of the university coul
26、d be diminished,“ worries Herve Varenne, a cultural anthropology professor at Columbias education school. Says Kirschner: “We would never compromise the integrity of the university. “ Whether the new site can add to the growing profits from patents remains to be seen, but one thing is clear. Its goi
27、ng to take the best minds on campus to find a new balance between profit and purity.6 In the past, if you want to make fast money, you should work in_.（A）academia（B） ivory tower（C） company（D）medical field7 The word “aggressively“ (Line 8, para. 2)most probably means_.（A）harmfully（B） carelessly（C） de
28、sperately（D）boldly8 According to the text, the traditional feature of the Web of Columbia is_.（A）offering free access to the advanced features that are available to Columbias students（B） free page will feed into profit-producing page（C） providing the expertise of the teachers on the profit site（D）of
29、fering free sites listing courses and professors research interests9 Besides the delight of most people for the profit, some_.（A）worry that the professors are not reliable（B） think this tendency may be terrible（C） hope the university to give more support to researchers who work for profit（D）show mer
30、cy to the scholars toiling in the musty area10 The author uses the words of the professor Herve Varenne and Kirschner to show _.（A）if the faculties all try to make money the university will have no authority（B） the new site may not add to the growing profits（C） there exist some problems behind the p
31、rofit（D）new balance between profit and purity will be the best opinion10 Status of Gene TherapyAt 18, Ashanthi Desilva of suburban Cleveland is a living symbol of one of the greater intellectual achievements of the 20th century. Born with an extremely rare and usually fatal disorder that left her wi
32、thout a functioning immune system (the “bubble-boy disease“, named after an earlier victim who was kept alive for years in a sterile plastic ten), she was treated beginning in 1990 with a revolutionary new therapy that sought to correct the defect at its very source, in the genes of her white blood
33、cells. It worked. Although her last gene-therapy treatment was in 1992, she is completely healthy with normal immune function, according to one of the doctors who treated her, W. French Anderson of the University of Southern California. Researchers have long dreamed of treating diseases from hemophi
34、lia to cancer by replacing mutant genes with normal ones. And the dreaming may continue for decades more. “There will be a gene-based treatment for essentially every disease,“ Anderson says, “within 50 years.“Its not entirely clear why medicine has been so slow to build on Andersons early success. T
35、he National Institutes of Health budget office estimates it will spend $ 432 million on gene-therapy research in 2005, and there is no shortage of promising leads. The therapeutic genes are usually delivered through viruses that dont cause human disease. “The virus is sort of like a Trojan Horse,“ s
36、ays Ronald Crystal of New York Presbyterian/ Weill Cornell Medical College. “The cargo is the gene. “At the University of Pennsylvanias Abra-mson Cancer Center, immunologist Carl June recently treated HIV patients with a gene intended to help their cells resist the infection. At Cornell University,
37、researchers are pursuing gene-based therapies for Parkinsons disease and a rare hereditary disorder that destroys childrens brain cells. At Stanford University and the Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia, researchers are trying to figure out how to help patients with hemophilia who today must inject
38、themselves with expensive clotting drugs for life. Animal experiments have shown great promise.But somehow, things get lost in the translation from laboratory to patient. In human trials of the hemophilia treatment, patients show a response at first, but it fades over time. And the field has still n
39、ot recovered from the setback it suffered in 1999, when Jesse Gelsinger, an 18-year-old with a rare metabolic disorder, died after receiving an experimental gene therapy at the University of Pennsylvania. Some experts worry that the field will be tarnished further if the next people to benefit are n
40、ot patients but athletes seeking an edge. This summer, researchers at the Salk Institute in San Diego said they had created a “ marathon mouse“ by implanting a gene that enhances running ability; already, officials at the World Anti-Doping Agency are preparing to test athletes for signs of “ gene do
41、ping“. But the principle is the same, whether youre trying to help a healthy runner run faster or allow a muscular-dystrophy patient to walk. “Everybody recognizes that gene therapy is a very good idea,“ says Crystal. “And eventually its going to work. “11 The case of Ashanthi Desilva is mentioned i
42、n the text to_.（A）show the promise of gene-therapy（B） give an example of modern treatment for fatal diseases（C） introduce the achievement of Anderson and his team（D）explain how gene-based treatment works12 Andersons early success has_.（A）greatly speeded the development of medicine（B） brought no imme
43、diate progress in the research of gene-therapy（C） promised a cue to every disease（D）made him a national hero13 Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?（A）Ashanthi needs to receive gene-therapy treatment constantly.（B） Despite the huge funding, gene researches have shown few promises.（C）
44、 Therapeutic genes are carried by harmless viruses.（D）Gene-doping is encouraged by world agencies to help athletes get better scores.14 The word “tarnish“ (Line 11, Para. 4) most probably means_.（A）affect（B） warn（C） trouble（D）stain15 From the text we can see that the author seems_.（A）optimistic（B） p
45、essimistic（C） troubled（D）uncertain15 Fat Question and Reference Point of the United StatesIn late June the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention launched its LEAN Works Web site, a clearinghouse of information on the health costs of employing fat people replete with recommendations on how to pr
46、event and control obesity. The site uses an “ obesity cost calculator“ to determine the added price of employing somebody with a body-mass index (BMI) of over 30, the threshold for obesity. The calculator asks employers to fill out a company profile including type of industry and location, employees
47、 BMIs, and their wages and benefits. The software then estimates the “ costs for medical expenditures and the dollar value of increased absenteeism resulting from obesity“.But is the federal governments endorsement of a device that essentially demo-nizes the 72 million Americans who fit the official
48、 definition of obese justified by the science? Dr. William Dietz, director of the CDCs Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity, defends the site as one weapon in the larger war on fat. “ We see this epidemic as a serious threat to health and serious medical cost,“ Dietz says. “We didnt
49、feel like we could wait for the best possible evidence, so we acted on the best available evidence.“Other experts, however, say BMI is a crude tool that fans fears of an obesity epidemic even as it fails as a reliable measure of an individuals health. “We made everyone fat by framing! That is the real epidemic,“ says Paul Campos, a law professor at the University of Colorado who coauthored a controversial study questioning whether obesity is a true health
