1、专升本英语（阅读）模拟试卷 105 及答案与解析一、Part III Reading ComprehensionDirections: In this part there are four passages. Each passage is followed by a number of comprehension questions. Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question. Then, mark your answer by blackening the corresponding letter on t
2、he Answer Sheet.0 Oceanography has been defined as “The application of all sciences to the study of the sea“.Before the nineteenth century, scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctan
3、t(不愿意) to go to sea to further his work.For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time tha
4、t the question “What is at the bottom of the oceans?“ had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile (起伏形状) of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufa
5、ctured.It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings (探测) were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later
6、, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea.The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and reliable. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living
7、 growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.Within a few years oceanography was under way. In 1872 Thomson led a scientific expedition (考察) , which lasted for four years and brought home thousands of samples from the sea. Their
8、classification and analysis occupied scientists for years and led to a five-volume report, the last volume being published in 1895.1 The passage implies that the telegraph cable was built mainly_.（A）for oceanographic studies（B） for military purposes（C） for business considerations（D）for investigating
9、 the depths of the oceans2 It was _that asked Maury for help in oceanographic studies.（A）the American Navy（B） some early intercontinental travelers（C） those who earned a living from the sea（D）the company which proposed to lay an undersea cable3 The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in the 1840s was_.（
10、A）to make some sound experiments in the oceans（B） to collect samples of sea plants and animals（C） to estimate the length of cable that was to be made（D）to measure the depths of two oceans4 “Defied“ in the 5th paragraph probably means_.（A）doubted（B） gave proof to（C） challenged（D）agreed to5 The passag
11、e is mainly about_.（A）the beginnings of oceanography（B） the laying of the first undersea cable（C） the investigation of ocean depths（D）the early intercontinental communication5 President Coolidge s statement, The business of America is business, still points to an important truth todaythat business i
12、nstitutions have more prestige (威望) in American society than any other kind of organization, including the government. Why do business institutions possess this great prestige?One reason is that Americans view business as being more firmly based on the ideal of competition than other institutions in
13、 society. Since competition is seen as the major source of progress and prosperity by most Americans, competitive business institutions are respected. Competition is not only good in itself, it is the means by which other basic American values such as individual freedom, equality of opportunity, and
14、 hard work is protected.Competition protects the freedom of the individual by ensuring that there is no monopoly (垄断) of power. In contrast to one, all-powerful government, many businesses compete against each other for profits. Theoretically, if one business tries to take unfair advantage of its cu
15、stomers, it will lose to competing business which treats its customers more fairly. Where many businesses compete for the customers dollar, they cannot afford to treat them like inferiors or slaves.A contrast is often made between business, which is competitive, and government, which is a monopoly.
16、Because business is competitive, many Americans believe that it is more supportive of freedom than government, even though government leaders are elected by the people and business leaders are not. Many Americans believe, then, that competition is as important, or even more important, than democracy
17、 in preserving freedom.Competition in business is also believed to strengthen the ideal of equality of opportunity. Competition is seen as an open and fair race where success goes to the swiftest person regardless of his or her social class background. Competitive success is commonly seen as the Ame
18、rican alternative to social rank based on family background. Business is therefore viewed as an expression of the idea of equality of opportunity rather than the aristocratic (贵族的) idea of inherited privilege.6 The statement “The business of America is business“ probably means_.（A）The business insti
19、tutions in America are concerned with commerce（B） Business problems are of great importance to the American government（C） Business is of primary concern to Americans（D）America is a great power in world business7 Americans believe that they can realize their personal values only_.（A）when given equali
20、ty of opportunity（B） through doing business（C） by protecting their individual freedom（D）by ways of competition8 Who can benefit from business competition?（A）Honest businessmen.（B） Both businessmen and their customers.（C） People with ideals of equality and freedom.（D）Both business institutions and go
21、vernment.9 Government is believed to differ strikingly from business in that government is characterized by_.（A）its absolute control of power（B） its function in preserving personal freedom（C） its role in protecting basic American values（D）its democratic way of exercising leadership10 It can be infer
22、red from the passage that the author believes_.（A）Americans are more ambitious than people in other countries（B） in many countries success often depends on ones social status（C） American businesses are more democratic than those in other countries（D）business in other countries are not as competitive
23、 as those in America10 The appeal of advertising to buying motives can both negative and positive effects. Consumers may be convinced to buy a product of poor quality or high price because of an advertisement. For example, some advertisements have appealed to peoples desire for better fuel economy f
24、or their cars by advertising automotive products that improve gasoline mileage. Some of the products work. Others are worthless and a waste of consumers money.Sometimes advertising is intentionally misleading. A few years ago, a brand of bread was offered to dieters(节食者) with the message that there
25、were fewer calories(热量单位，卡路里) in every slice. It turned out that the bread was not dietetic(适合于节食的), but just regular bread. There were fewer calories because it was sliced very thin, but there were the same number of calories in every loaf.On the positive side, emotional appeals may respond to a co
26、nsumers real concerns. Consider fire insurance. Fire insurance may be sold by appealing to fear of loss. But fear of loss is the real reason for fire insurance. The security of knowing that property is protected by insurance makes the purchase of fire insurance a worthwhile investment for most peopl
27、e. If consumers consider the quality of the insurance plans as well as the message in the ads, they will benefit from the advertising.Each consumer must evaluate her or his own situation. Are the benefits of the product important enough to justify buying it? Advertising is intended to appeal to cons
28、umers, but it does not force them to buy the product. Consumers still control final buying decision.11 Advertising can persuade the consumer to buy worthless product by_.（A）stressing their high quality（B） convincing him of their low price（C） maintaining a balance between quality and price（D）appealin
29、g to his buying motives12 The reason why the bread advertisement is misleading is that_.（A）thin slices of bread could contain more calories（B） the loaf was cut into regular slices（C） the bread was not genuine bread（D）the total number of calories in the loaf remained the same13 The passage tells us t
30、hat_.（A）sometimes advertisements really sell what the consumer needs（B） advertisements occasionally force consumers into buying things they dont need（C） the buying motives of consumers are controlled by advertisements（D）fire insurance is seldom a worthwhile investment14 It can be inferred from the p
31、assage that a smart consumer should_.（A）think carefully about the benefits described in the advertisements（B） guard against the deceiving nature of advertisements（C） be familiar with various advertising strategies（D）avoid buying products that have strong emotional appeal15 The passage is mainly abou
32、t_.（A）how to make a wise buying decision（B） ways to protect the interests of the consumer（C） the positive and negative aspects of advertising（D）the function of advertisements in promoting sales15 In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the chi
33、ld must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called “classical conditioning“. This occurs
34、 when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with or followed by, a reward or punishment. It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associates his mothers face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are l
35、earned in a similar fashion.The second kind of learning is called “operant conditioning“. This occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries
36、 and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more.Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting wi
37、th other people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a pe
38、rson is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.16 The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to_.（A）teach children how to learn to produce and exper
39、ience certain emotions（B） give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning（C） give parents some advice on how to modify their childrens emotions through learning（D）discuss with psychologists how positive and negative feelings are produced17 If your jokes often find a ready echo in a
40、 person, you will learn through _that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence.（A）classical conditioning（B） neither of them（C） operant conditioning（D）some other sorts of conditioning18 If a child is bitten or startled several times by
41、a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. This is a typical example of learning through_.（A）classical conditioning（B） both of them（C） operant conditioning（D）neither of them19 In the third paragraph, the author is_.（A）discussing how
42、we grow and have new experiences every day（B） talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioning（C） concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so on（D）using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning20 In th
43、e following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss_.（A）definitions of positive feelings and negative feelings（B） the third kind of learning（C） further examples of learning through operant conditioning（D）none of the above20 The view over a valley of a tiny village with thatched(草盖的
44、) roof cottages around a church; a driver through a narrow village street lined with thatched cottages painted pink or white; the sight over the rolling hills of a pretty collection of thatched farm buildingsthese are still common sights in parts of England. Most people will agree that the thatched
45、roof is an essential part of the attraction of the English countryside.Thatching is in fact the oldest of all the building crafts practised in the British Isles. Although thatch has always been used for cottage and farm buildings, it was once used for castles and churches, too.Thatching is a solitar
46、y craft, which often runs in families. The craft of thatching as it is practiced today has changed very little since the Middle Ages. Over 800 full-time thatchers are employed in England and Wales today, maintaining and renewing the old roofs as well as thatching newer houses. Many property owners c
47、hoose thatch not only for its beauty but because they know it will keep them cool in summer and warm in winter.In fact, if we look at developing countries, over half the world lives under thatch, but they all do it different ways. People in developing countries are often reluctant to go back to trad
48、itional materials and would prefer modern buildings. However, they may lack the money to allow them to import the necessary materials. Their temporary mud huts with thatched roofs of wild grasses often only last six months. Thatch which has been done the British way lasts from twenty to sixty years,
49、 and is an effective defense against the heat.21 Which of the following remains a unique feature of the English countryside?（A）Narrow streets lined with pink or while houses.（B） Rolling hills with pretty farm buildings.（C） Cottages with thatched roofs.（D）Churches with cottages around them.22 What do we know about thatching as a craft?（A）It is a collective activity.（B） It is practised on farms all over England.（C） It is quite different from what it used to be.（D）It is in most ca
