2019年高考数学二轮复习专题五立体几何5.3.1空间中的平行与几何体的体积课件文.ppt

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1、5.3.1 空间中的平行与几何体的体积,-2-,平行关系的证明及求体积 例1如图,四棱锥P-ABCD中,PA底面ABCD,ADBC, AB=AD=AC=3,PA=BC=4,M为线段AD上一点,AM=2MD,N为PC的中点.(1)证明MN平面PAB; (2)求四面体N-BCM的体积.,-3-,-4-,-5-,解题心得1.证明平行关系,首先考虑的方法是转化法.若证明线面平行或面面平行可以转化为证明线线平行;若证明线线平行可以转化为证明线面平行或面面平行.若题目中已出现了中点,可考虑在图形中再取中点,构造中位线进行证明. 2.求几何体的体积也常用转化法,如本例中求几何体的高和求几何体底面三角形的高.

2、N到底面的距离转化为P到底面距离的一半;M到BC的距离转化为A到BC的距离.,-6-,(1)证明 在平面ABCD内,因为BAD=ABC=90, 所以BCAD.又BC平面PAD,AD平面PAD, 故BC平面PAD.,-7-,-8-,-9-,等积法求高或距离 例2如图,在四棱锥P-ABCD 中,侧面PAD是边长为2的正三角形,且与底面垂直,底面ABCD是菱形,且ABC=60,M为PC的中点.(1)求证:PCAD; (2)求点D到平面PAM的距离.,-10-,(1)证明 取AD的中点O,连接OP,OC,AC, 如图,依题意可知PAD,ACD均为正三角形, 所以OCAD,OPAD. 又OCOP=O,O

3、C平面POC,OP平面POC, 所以AD平面POC.又PC平面POC,所以PCAD.,-11-,(2)解 点D到平面PAM的距离即点D到平面PAC的距离.由(1)可知POAD,又平面PAD平面ABCD,平面PAD平面ABCD=AD,PO平面PAD,所以PO平面ABCD,即PO为三棱锥P-ACD的高.,-12-,解题心得求棱锥的高或点到平面的距离常常利用同一个三棱锥变换顶点及底面的位置,其体积相等的方法求解.,-13-,对点训练2 已知在四棱锥P-ABCD中,底面ABCD是矩形,且AD=2, AB=1,PA平面ABCD,E,F分别是线段AB,BC的中点.(1)证明:PFFD; (2)若PA=1,

4、求点E到平面PFD的距离.,-14-,AD=2,DF2+AF2=AD2, DFAF. 又PA平面ABCD,DFPA. 又PAAF=A, DF平面PAF.又PF平面PAF, DFPF.,-15-,定义法求高或距离 例3 如图,在四棱锥P-ABCD中,ABCD,且BAP=CDP=90. (1)证明:平面PAB平面PAD; (2)若PA=PD=AB=DC,APD=90,且四棱锥P-ABCD的体积为 ,求该四棱锥的高及四棱锥的侧面积.,(1)证明 由已知BAP=CDP=90,得ABAP,CDPD. 由于ABCD,故ABPD,从而AB平面PAD. 又AB平面PAB,所以平面PAB平面PAD.,-16-,

5、-17-,解题心得求几何体的高或点到平面的距离,经常根据高或距离的定义在几何体中作出高或要求的距离.其步骤为一作,二证,三求.如何作出点到平面的距离是关键,一般的方法是利用辅助面法,所作的辅助面一是要经过该点,二是要与所求点到平面的距离的平面垂直,这样在辅助面内过该点作交线的垂线,点到垂足的距离即为点到平面的距离.,-18-,对点训练3 如图,四棱锥P-ABCD中,底面ABCD为矩形,PA平面ABCD,E为PD的中点. (1)证明:PB平面AEC;,-19-,(1)证明 设BD与AC的交点为O,连接EO. 因为ABCD为矩形,所以O为BD的中点. 又E为PD的中点,所以EOPB. EO平面AEC,PB平面AEC, 所以PB平面AEC.,

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