1、华东政法大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题 2011 年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、第一部分基础英语试题(总题数：30，分数：15.00)1.Thecontractwillbebindingwhenbothsideshaveaffixedtheir_toit. （分数：0.50）A.sealB.sailC.veilD.sole2.Althoughtheyhavegunsandgrenades,theyarenotsoldiersbutagangof_. （分数：0.50）A.banditsB.kidnappersC.robbersD.burglars3.Surrou
2、ndedwithnumerousstars,themoonseemsallthemore_. （分数：0.50）A.obviousB.visibleC.conspicuousD.apparent4.Johnsscoreonthetestisthehighestintheclass;he_lastnight. （分数：0.50）A.must studyB.should have studiedC.must have studiedD.is sure to study5.Theinventionofthetelephonewasagreat_tocommunication. （分数：0.50）A.
3、distributionB.contributionC.attributionD.fruition6.Whatadifferencebetweenthetwohouseswhichstand_toeachother. （分数：0.50）A.adjacentB.adheringC.extendingD.detaching7.Eventhemostindulgentparentswillnotlettheirchildren_tellinglies. （分数：0.50）A.get away withB.get along withC.get inD.get out8.Tomcoulddosomeb
4、rilliant_ofourEnglishteacher. （分数：0.50）A.impressionsB.personificationsC.impersonationsD.persons9.Themomentthebuxomwomansatdown,theoldchairfirst_andthencollapsed. （分数：0.50）A.groanedB.gaspedC.guffawedD.shuddered10.ButtheSwissdiscoveredlongyearsagothatconstantwarfarebroughtthem_sufferingandpoverty. （分数
5、：0.50）A.anything butB.nothing butC.none other thanD.no more than11.Totheirgreatdismay,theyfoundthattheirwageincreaseshadbeen_bythesoaringpricesasaresultofinflation. （分数：0.50）A.leveledB.reducedC.offsetD.cancelled12.I_withthanksthehelpofmycolleaguesinthepreparationofthisnewcolumn. （分数：0.50）A.expressB.
6、confessC.verifyD.acknowledge13.Therearentenoughcomputersforthewholegradeofstudentsto_. （分数：0.50）A.go aroundB.go underC.go downD.go for14.Yourperformanceisgenerallyassumedto_theknowledgeyouhaveacquired and will retain. （分数：0.50）A.adhere toB.submitC.correspond toD.conform to15.Ididntsayanythingliketha
7、tatall.Youarepurposely_myideatoproveyourpoint. （分数：0.50）A.extortingB.contradictingC.distortingD.distracting16.Hissuggestionsarebasedona/an_thattheprisonsystemisoutofdateandworthless. （分数：0.50）A.dominationB.consumptionC.considerationD.assumption17.Theteacherwasa_womanwhodidherbest. （分数：0.50）A.respect
8、ingB.respectableC.respectiveD.respectful18.Inthatcountry,studentswillbe_admittancetotheirclassroomiftheyarenotproperlydressed. （分数：0.50）A.declinedB.deprivedC.deniedD.deserted19.Followingthescandal,hewas_fromhispostasdeputyfinanceminister. （分数：0.50）A.refusedB.repliedC.relievedD.removed20.Iwasquite_by
9、alltheflowersandlettersofsupportIreceived. （分数：0.50）A.overwhelmedB.surroundedC.soakedD.buried21.On_,18%ofourdailycaloriescomefromsugar. （分数：0.50）A.generalB.the wholeC.commonD.average22.Shewasstaringoutoverthelake,lostin_. （分数：0.50）A.consciousnessB.contemplationC.contradictionD.content23.Ican_alotmor
10、eworkwhenImonmyown. （分数：0.50）A.get throughB.get overC.get onD.get in24.The_outcomeofthecontestvariesfrommomenttomoment. （分数：0.50）A.apB.proneC.likelyD.liable25.Thepolicewereinstructedto_thedemonstrationagainstthegovernment. （分数：0.50）A.break outB.break intoC.break offD.break up26.Inthe_ofancientTroy,t
11、heGreeksgotintothecitybyhidinginawooden horse.（分数：0.50）A.legendB.mythC.historyD.fiction27.Evenasachildheshowedaninclinationto_overtheotherchildren. （分数：0.50）A.ruleB.governC.inspectD.dominate28.Manyoftheearliest_intotheUnitedStatesestablishedlargeplantations. （分数：0.50）A.emigrantsB.emigrationsC.immigr
12、antsD.migrants29.Undergraduatestudentshaveno_totherarebooksinthelibrary. （分数：0.50）A.entranceB.accessC.wayD.path30.Theadvertisementsaysthismaterialdoesnt_inthewash,butithas. （分数：0.50）A.dissolveB.slimC.contractD.shrink二、PartII:ReadingCompre(总题数：4，分数：20.00)PassageOne Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowi
13、ngpassage. Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnightssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;bythelate1970s,neurologistshads
14、witchedtothinkingofthemasjustmentalnoisetherandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemindsemotionalthermostat,regulatingmoodswhilethebrainisoff-line.Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutac
15、tuallybroughtunderconsciouscontrol,tohelpussleepandfeelbetter.Itsyourdream,saysRosalindCartwright,chairofpsychologyatChicagosMedicalCenter.Ifyoudontlikeit,changeit.Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREM(rapideyemovement)sleep-whenmostvividdreamsoccur-asitiswhenfullyawak
16、e,saysDr.EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved;thelimbicsystem(theemotionalbrain)isespeciallyactive,whiletheprefrontalcortex(thecenterofintellectandreasoning)isrelativelyquiet.Wewakeupfromdreamshappyordepressed,andthosefeelingscanstaywithusallday,saysSta
17、nfordsleepresearcherDr.WilliamDement. ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowupamongthepatientsinCartwrightsclinic.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenight,progressingtowardhappieronesbeforeawakening,suggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.Becauseourconsciousmind
18、isoccupiedwithdailylifewedontalwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceofthedayseventsuntil,itappears,webegintodream. Andthisprocessneednotbelefttotheunconscious.Cartwrightbelievesonecanexerciseconsciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreams.Assoonasyouawaken,identifywhatisupsettingaboutthedream.Visualizehowyo
19、uwouldlikeittoendinstead;thenexttimeitoccurs,trytowakeupjustenoughtocontrolitscourse.Withmuchpracticepeoplecanlearnto,literally,doitintheirsleep. Attheendoftheday,theresprobablylittlereasontopayattentiontoourdreamsatallunlesstheykeepusfromsleepingorwewakeupinapanic,Cartwrightsays.Terrorism,economicu
20、ncertaintiesandgeneralfeelingsofinsecurityhaveincreasedpeoplesanxiety.Thosesufferingfrompersistentnightmaresshouldseekhelpfromatherapist.Fortherestofus,thebrainhasitswaysofworkingthroughbadfeelings.Sleep-orratherdream-onitandyoullfeelinthemorning.（分数：5.00）(1).Researchershavecometobelievethatdreams_.
21、 （分数：1.00）A.canbemodifiedintheircoursesB.aresusceptibletoemotionalchangesC.reflectourinnermostdesiresandfearsD.arearandomoutcomeofneuralrepairs(2).Byreferringtothelimbicsystem,theauthorintendstoshow_. （分数：1.00）A.its function in our dreamsB.the mechanism of REM sleepC.the relation of dreams to emotio
22、nsD.its difference from the prefrontal cortex(3).Thenegativefeelingsgeneratedduringthedaytendto_. （分数：1.00）A.aggravate in our unconscious mindB.develop into happy dreamsC.persist till time we fall asleepD.show up in dreams early at night(4).Cartwrightseemstosuggestthat_. （分数：1.00）A.waking up in time
23、 is essential to the ridding of bad dreamsB.visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under controlC.dreams should be left to their natural progressionD.dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious(5).WhatadvicemightCartwrightgivetothosewhosometimeshavebaddreams? （分数：1.00）A.Lead your life as us
24、ualB.Seek professional helpC.Exercise consciousD.Avoid anxiety in the daytimePassageTwo Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasasubjectofanygreatimportance.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquelyworthyofinvestigation,butcustom,wehaveawayofthinking
25、,isbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.Asamatteroffact,itistheotherwayaround.Traditionalcustom,takentheworldover,isamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthanwhatanyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarathertrivialaspectofthematter.Thefactoffirst-rateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustomp
26、laysinexperienceandinbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmaymanifest. Nomaneverlooksattheworldwithpristine(未受外界影响的)eyes.Heseesiteditedbyadefinitesetofcustomsandinstitutionsandthewaysofthinking.Eveninhisphilosophicalprobingshecannotgobehindthesestereotypes(固定的模式);hisveryconceptsofthetrueandthefalsewillst
27、illhavereferencetohisparticulartraditionalcustoms.JohnDeweyhassaidinallseriousnessthatthepartplayedbycustominshapingthebehavioroftheindividualasoveragainstanywayinwhichhecanaffecttraditionalcustom,isastheproportionofthetotalvocabularyofhismothertongueoveragainstthoseworldsofhisownbabytalkthataretake
28、nupintothelanguageofhisfamily.Whenoneseriouslystudiessocialordersthathavehadthe opportunitytodevelopindependently,thefigure(比喻)becomesnomorethananexactandmatter-of-factobservation.Thelifehistoryoftheindividualisfirstandforemostanadjustmenttothepatternsandstandardstraditionallyhandeddowninhiscommunit
29、y.Fromthemomentofhisbirththecustomsintowhichheisbornshapehisexperienceandbehavior.Bythetimehecantalk,heisthelittlecreatureofhisculture,andbythetimeheisgrownandabletotakepartinitsactivities,itshabitsarehishabits,itsbeliefshisbeliefs,itsimpossibilitieshisimpossibilities.（分数：5.00）(1).Theauthorthinksthe
30、reasonwhycustomhasbeenignoredintheacademicworldisthat_. （分数：1.00）A.custom reveals only the superficial nature of human behaviorB.the study of social orders can replace the study of customC.people are still not aware of the important role that custom plays in forming our world outlookD.custom has lit
31、tle to do with our ways of thinking(2).WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoJohnDewey? （分数：1.00）A.An individual can exercise very little influence on the cultural tradition into which he is born.B.Custom is the direct result of the philosophical probings of a group of people.C.An individual is strong
32、ly influence by the cultural tradition even before he is born.D.Custom represents the collective wisdom which benefits the individual.(3).Theworldcustominthispassagemostprobablymeans_. （分数：1.00）A.the concept of the true and the false of a societyB.the independently developed social ordersC.the adjus
33、tment of the individual to the new social environmentD.the patterns and standards of behavior of a community(4).Accordingtothepassage,apersonslife,fromhisbirthtohisdeath,_. （分数：1.00）A.is constantly shaping the cultural traditions of his peopleB.is predominated by traditional customC.is continually i
34、nfluenced by the habits of other communitiesD.is chiefly influenced by the habits of other communities(5).Theauthorspurposeinwritingthispassageis_. （分数：1.00）A.to urge individuals to follow traditional customsB.to stress the strong influence of customs on an individualC.to examine the interaction of
35、man and social customsD.to show mans adjustment to traditional customsPassageThree Questions41to45arebasedonthefollowingpassage Americanstodaydontplaceaveryhighvalueonintellect.Ourheroesareathlete,entertainers,andentrepreneurs,notscholars.Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducati
36、on-nottopursueknowledgeforthesakeofknowledge.Symptomsofpervasiveanti-intellectualisminourschoolsarentdifficulttofind. Schoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanintellectual,sayseducationwriterDianeRavitch.Schoolcouldbeacounterbalance.Ravitchslatestbook,LeftBack:ACenturyoffailed
37、SchoolReforms,tracestherootsofanti-intellectualisminourschools,concludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistasteforintellectualpursuits. Buttheycouldandshouldbe.Encouragingkidstorejectthelifeofthemindleavesthemvulnerabletoexploitationandcontrol.Withouttheabilitytothinkcritically,todef
38、endtheirideasandunderstandtheideasofothers,theycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.Continuingalongthispath,sayswriterEarlShorris,Wewillbecomeasecond-ratecountry.Wewillhavealesscivilsociety. Intellectisresentedasaformofpowerorprivilege,writeshistorianandprofessorRichardHofstadterinAnti-Intellectuali
39、sminAmericanLife,aPulitzerPrizewinningbookontherootsofanti-intellectualisminUSpolitics,religion,andeducation.Fromthebeginningofourhistory,saysHofstadter,ourdemocraticandpopulisturgehasdrivenustorejectanythingthatsmellsofelitism.Practicality,commonsense,andnativeintelligencehavebeenconsideredmorenobl
40、equalitiesthananythingyoucouldlearnfromabook. RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschoolingandrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren:Weareshutupinschoolsandcollegerecitationroomsfor10or15yearsandcomeoutatlastwithabellyfulofwordsanddonotknowathing.MarkTwainsHuck
41、leberryFinnexemplifiedAmericananti-intellectualism.Itsheroavoidsbeingcivilized-goingtoschoolandlearningtoread-sohecanpreservehisinmategoodness. Intellect,accordingtoHofstadter,isdifferentfromnativeintelligence,aqualitywereluctantlyadmire.Intellectisthecritical,creative,andcontemplativesideofthemind.
42、Intelligenceseekstograsp,manipulate,re-order,andadjust,whileintellectexamines,ponders,wonders,theorizes,criticizesandimagines. Schoolremainsaplacewhereintellectismistrusted.Hofstadtersaysourcountryseducationalsystemisinthegripsofpeoplewhojoyfullyandmilitantlyproclaimtheirhostilitytointellectandtheir
43、eagernesstoidentifywithchildrenwhoshowtheleastintellectualpromise.（分数：5.00）(1).WhatdoAmericanparentsexpecttheirchildrentoacquireinschool? （分数：1.00）A.The habit of thinking independently.B.Profound knowledge of the world.C.Practical abilities for future career.D.The confidence in intellectual pursuits
44、.(2).WecanlearnfromthetextthatAmericanshaveahistoryof_. （分数：1.00）A.undervaluing intellectB.favoring intellectualismC.supporting school reformD.suppressing native intelligence(3).TheviewsofRavitchandEmersononschoolingare_. （分数：1.00）A.identicalB.similarC.complementaryD.opposite(4).Emerson,accordingtot
45、hetext,isprobably_. （分数：1.00）A.a pioneer of education reformB.an opponent of intellectualismC.a scholar in favor of intellectD.an advocate of regular schooling(5).Whatdoestheauthorthinkofintellect? （分数：1.00）A.It is second to intelligence.B.It evolves from common sense.C.It is to be pursuedD.It under
46、lies power.PassageFour Questions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage. Tounderstandthemarketingconcept,itisonlynecessarytounderstandthedifferencebetweenmarketingandselling.Nottoomanyyearsago,mostindustriesconcentratedprimarilyontheefficientproductionofgoods,andthenreliedonpersuasivesalesmanshiptomovea
47、smuchofthesegoodsaspossible.Suchproductionandsellingfocusesontheneedsofthesellertoproducegoodsandthenconvertthemintomoney. Marketing,ontheotherhand,focusesonthewantsofconsumers.Itbeginswithfirstanalyzingthepreferencesanddemandsofconsumersandthenproducinggoodsthatwillsatisfythem.Thiseyeontheconsumera
48、pproachisknownasthemarketingconcept,whichsimplymeansthatinsteadoftryingtosellwhateveriseasiesttoproduceorbuyforresale,themakersanddealersfirstendeavortofindoutwhattheconsumerwantstobuyandthengoaboutmakingitavailableforpurchase. Thisconceptdoesnotsimplythatbusinessisbenevolent(慈善的)orthatconsumersatis
49、factionisgivenpriorityoverprofitinacompany.Therearealwaystwosidestoeverybusinesstransaction-thefirmandthecustomer-andeachmustbesatisfiesbeforetradeoccurs.Successfulmerchantsandproducers,however,recognizethatthesurestroutetoprofitisthroughunderstandingandcateringtocustomers.Astrikingexampleoftheimportanceofcateringtheconsumerpresenteditselfin
