1、湖北大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题 2013 年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：5，分数：20.00)The new documentary Bully is powerful stuff. Try to get through even just the opening sequence without tearing up. Hopefully it will wake up parents, teachers, and school administrators. But lets also hope they r
2、espond thoughtfully to this burning film, because too often in our rush to address a problem, American educators and politicians have a well-intentioned overreaction that minimizes common sense in favor of blanket solutions. Many schools in the United States are genuinely trying to curb child-on-chi
3、ld abuse and, at long last, are paying more attention to the cruel, unpleasant remarks. But at the same time, we have to remember that not every unpleasant, or even adverse, interaction between students constitutes bullying. In some places, anti-bullying policies are now so expansive that they make
4、eye-rolling a punishable Offense, lumping it in with other forms of verbal and physical assault. Doing so not only takes a serious issue to the realm of the absurd, it also dilutes the importance of anti-bullying efforts in general. If everything is bullying, then nothing is. Some kids have already
5、figured out how to turn the new system on its head. In some schools zeal to address bullying, every claim is immediately elevated beyond the classroom teacher to a meeting with the principal. A parent in California said that last month that an elementary-school bully began threatening to report her
6、victims as bullies so they would have to suffer through such a meetingand in effect creating a bullying hall of mirrors. Weve been here before. Weapons and drugs in schools are a serious problem, too. In response, school districts, states, and the federal government began to favor zero-tolerance pol
7、icies. In short order, “zero-tolerance“ policies became the joking point for late-night comics as kids were suspended for bringing to school aspirin, acne medicine, or a G. I. Joe doll with a small plastic gun. The obvious lesson there and with bullying is that there is no substitute for discretion
8、and judgment by the adults in charge. In some circumstances, eye-rolling could be abusive behavior just as aspirin can be used or abused. But adults shouldnt give up the hard role of making nuanced judgment calls by creating ridiculously rigid discipline codes. Replacing thoughtless inaction with th
9、oughtless action wont solve the problem. （分数：4.00）(1).What does the author say about peoples reaction to bullying? （分数：1.00）A.They wake up thoughtfully.B.They demonstrate little common sense.C.They attach importance to the film.D.They go too far.(2).What is the strategy of the kids in dealing with a
10、nti-bullying policies? （分数：1.00）A.To assault the principal at the meeting.B.To turn the classroom into a wall of mirrors.C.To pay attention to kids verbal remarks.D.To render them ineffective by abusing bullying.(3).The “zero-tolerance“ policies towards drugs and weapons ended up being _. （分数：1.00）A
11、.elevatedB.suspendedC.ridiculedD.condemned(4).The word “there“ in the first line of the last paragraph refers to _. （分数：1.00）A.with eye-rolling and punishable offensesB.with verbal and physical assautC.with aspirin and acne medicineD.with drugs and weaponsOur stomachs can often be a mystery to us an
12、d many of us dont realize just how much the food we eat can impact on our mood and mental well-being. According to charity Allergy UK, a shocking 45% of us suffers with food and drink intolerances, beveragethis is called food intolerance. Food intolerance is a much more common problem than food alle
13、rgy and one of the most harmful symptoms can be low mood. 1 in 4 people in the UK will suffer problems with their mood or mental health every year, with anti-depressant prescriptions increasing by over 40% in the last 5 years. Recent research from York Test Laboratories, leading experts in food into
14、lerance testing, has found that 97% of their customers reported problems relating to mood as a significant symptom of their food intolerance, of which 73% felt that their mood had significantly improved after altering their diets to remove foods to which they reacted. In addition, in a recent paper
15、published in the Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, over 81% of patients reported a significant improvement in mood and mental well- being as a direct consequence of applying the dietary changes recommended by York Test. So how is it that the food we eat can have such a significant impact on ou
16、r mood? Bidirectional connections between the gut and the brain are complex and are regulated in the body in three different ways: through nerves, hormones and the immune system. The gut mediates the bodys immune response; at least 70 per cent of our immune system is situated in the gut and is used
17、to expel and kill foreign invaders. Our gut contains some 100 million neurons (nerve cells), more than in either the spinal cord or the peripheral nervous system. All of these neurons lining our digestive system do much more than merely handle digestion or cause occasional nervous feelings. Our gut
18、partly determines our mental state and plays key roles in certain diseases throughout the body. Many people will not be aware that 90% of serotonin(血清素), the brains “happy hormone“ is produced in the gutit is for these reasons that the gut is often referred to as the second brain. In addition, resea
19、rch has shown that depression is frequently associated with gastrointestinal (肠胃的) inflammationa common symptom of food intolerance. By tackling unidentified food intolerances, not only will physical symptoms benefit, but mental health symptoms can often show significant improvement. There are a num
20、ber of ways to identify potentially mood suppressing food intolerances. One that I recommend is scientifically validated and well researched is York Test. Its food and drink intolerance test called Food (4).What is the purpose in ones taking YorkTest? （分数：1.00）A.To validate the scientific research.B
21、.To detect the source of food intolerance.C.To invent a modification of life style.D.To prescribe anti-depressant drugs.The plan to allow the reading public to rent e-books, much as they rent movies, has proved so much more contentious than its pioneer, the former Waterstones managing director Tim C
22、oates, had hoped. That publishers are very cautious of the idea of his new Bilbary e-rental venture, which launched this week, is perhaps not entirely surprising: although the e-rentals automatically delete themselves when the borrowing time expires, they fear the scheme might harm sales. Less contr
23、oversial, however, is Mr Coates generous pledge to donate a good chunk of Bilbarys profits to campaigns to keep open libraries threatened by government budget cuts. Hundreds of the nations 4,000 public libraries are at risk; and campaigners attempts to persuade courts and councils to keep them open
24、are largely failing. Closing libraries is inevitable, the argument goes, in an era when two out of three British homes have a computer. But that is far from the whole story. While 200 million books are sold every year, more than 310 million are borrowed. The one-in-three homes without a computer are
25、 those of the nations poorer children, many of whom live without even a table at which they can do their homework. It is with only the mildest exaggeration that Alan Bennett, the playwright and campaigner, describes the closure of libraries as an act of “child abuse“. To some, the word “library“ con
26、jures only negative associations, an irrelevant anachronism in an increasingly digital world. But a good library is far more than just a place to store books. It is a gateway to knowledge, a place well able to adapt to the computer age and in doing so support the curiosity, study and research of new
27、 generations. There are, of course, some libraries that are unfit for purpose. But those that use digital technologies as an aide, rather than treat them as a threat, more than hold true to their core purpose. And those that have made the leap are seeing visitor numbers rise, not fall. Britains libr
28、aries do not need closing but they may need changing. We can only hope that Mr. Coates support can help many of them to do so. （分数：4.00）(1).The argument about the closing of libraries stems from _. （分数：1.00）A.the fall of sale of booksB.the advent of digital technologiesC.the government budget cutD.t
29、he world economic recession(2).The word “anachronism“ in Para. 5 might mean _. （分数：1.00）A.chronological errorB.phonological errorC.etymological errorD.historical error(3).Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage? （分数：1.00）A.Some people believe that libraries are out of
30、date in digital age.B.In the UK, one out of three homes dont have computers.C.It is inevitable that digital libraries will replace the existing libraries.D.Some libraries need introducing digital technologies as an aide.(4).The authors attitude toward closing libraries can be described as _. （分数：1.0
31、0）A.positiveB.negativeC.indifferentD.neutralMichael Yessis, an emeritus professor of Sports Science at California State University, maintains that “genetics only determines about one third of what an athlete can do. But with the right training we can go much further with that one third than weve bee
32、n going. “ Yessis believes that U. S. runners, despite their impressive achievements, are “running on their genetics“. By applying more scientific methods, “theyre going to go much faster“. These methods include strength training as well as plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Uni
33、on. Whereas most exercises are designed to build up strength or endurance, plyometrics focuses on increasing power the rate at which an athlete can expend energy. Nutrition is another area that sports trainers have failed to address adequately. “Many athletes are not getting the best nutrition, even
34、 through supplements, “ Yessis insists. Each activity has its own nutritional needs. Few coaches, for instance, understand how deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to injuries. Focused training will also play a role in enabling records to be broken. “If we applied the Russian training model to so
35、me of the outstanding runners we have in this country,“ Yessis asserts, “they would be breaking records left and right. “ One of the most important new methodologies is biomechanics, the study of the body in motion. A biomechanic films an athlete in action and then digitizes his performance, recordi
36、ng the motion of every joint and limb in three dimensions. By applying Newtons laws to these motions, “we can say that this athletes run is not fast enough; that this one is not using his arms strongly enough during take-off,“ says Dapena, who uses these methods to help high jumpers. To date, howeve
37、r, biomechanics has made only a small difference to athletic performance. Revolutionary ideas still come from the athletes themselves. For example, during the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City, a relatively unknown high jumper named Dick Fosbury won the gold by going over the bar backwards, in complete c
38、ontradiction of all the received high-jumping wisdom, a move instantly dubbed the Fosbury flop. Fosbury himself did not know what he was doing. That understanding took the later analysis of biomechanics specialists, who put their minds to comprehending something that was too complex and unorthodox e
39、ver to have been invented through their own mathematical simulations. Fosbury also required another element that lies behind many improvements in athletic performance: an innovation in athletic equipment In the end, most people who examine human performance are humbled by the resourcefulness of athl
40、etes and the powers of the human body. “Once you study athletics, you learn that its a vexing complex issue, “ says John S. Raglin, a sports psychologist at Indiana University. “Core performance is not a simple or mundane thing of higher, faster, longer. So many variables enter into the equation, an
41、d our understanding in many cases is fundamental. Weve got a long way to go, “ For the foreseeable future, records will be made to be broken. （分数：4.00）(1).What is the contribution of plybmetrics? （分数：1.00）A.Speeding up the rate of athletes metabolism.B.Making clear specifications of physical exercis
42、es.C.Perfecting the technique pioneered in breaking recordsD.Helping runners develop strength and endurance.(2).The purpose of employing biomechanics films is to _. （分数：1.00）A.provide materials for sports film shootingB.highlight areas for improvement in athletesC.assess the fitness levels of potent
43、ial athletesD.skim off promising athletes through analysis(3).As regards the study of athletics, John S. Raglin believes that it is _. （分数：1.00）A.fundamentalB.challengingC.complicatedD.theoretical(4).Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? （分数：1.00）A.Invention of the Fosbury
44、Flop.B.Exploration of Athletic Performance.C.Effect of nutrition and training.D.Importance of genetics.When the press release arrived in our inboxes, we knew what would happen next. A Nobel laureate had stated that antioxidant supplements “may have caused more cancers than they have prevented. “ Eve
45、n the most fad-friendly sections of the UK media were bound to cover the story. In reality, Professor James Watson was only restating what we at Cancer Research UK have been pointing out for years. Large studies have repeatedly shown that, with the possible exception of vitamin D, antioxidant supple
46、ments have negligible positive effect on healthy people, at least in terms of important things such as preventing people getting cancer or dying prematurely. And some supplementsnotably vitamins A, E and beta- caroteneeven seem to slightly raise the risk of disease and early death. Its a topic we at
47、 Cancer Research UK come back to again and again on our science blog and on our social media pages. But huge swatches of the public remain convinced that “antioxidant“ is a byword for “healthy. “ Whats so interesting about the antioxidant myth is its wider cultural and social dimension. Why is this
48、perception so hard to shift? And is there anything we can do about it? One possible reason for our firm attitudes is the widespread use of the word “antioxidants“ in adverts proclaiming the health benefits of various foods and drinks. This isnt for want of regulation, and the Advertising Standards A
49、uthority have repeatedly upheld complaints about adverts that make unsupported claims about antioxidantsbenefits. But the much weaker claim that a product merely “contains high levels of antioxidants“ leaves health claims implicit, and keeps regulators at bay. A brand of “super- broccoli“launched with much a public spectacle in late 2011was bred to contain high levels of a chemical that ultimately, according to the products website, “boosts our bodys Antioxidant Enzyme levels. “ So good its capitalized. So the re
