1、考研数学三-多元函数微积分学(一)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The mass media is a big part of our culture, yet it can also be a helper, adviser and teacher to our young generation. The mass media affects the lives of our young by acting as a (an) (1) for a number of institutions an
2、d social contacts. In this way, it (2) a variety of functions in human life. The time spent in front of the television screen is usually at the (3) of leisure: there is less time for games, amusement and rest. (4) by what is happening on the screen, children not only imitate what they see but direct
3、ly (5) themselves with different characters. Americans have been concerned about the (6) of violence in the media and its (7) harm to children and adolescents for at least forty years. During this period, new media (8) , such as video games, cable television, music videos, and the Internet. As they
4、continue to gain popularity, these media, (9) television, (10) public concern and research attention. Another large societal concern on our young generation (11) by the media, is body image. (12) forces can influence body image positively or negatively. (13) one, societaland cultural norms and mass
5、media marketing (14) our concepts of beauty. In the mass media, the images of (15) beauty fill magazines and newspapers, (16) from our televisions and entertain us (17) the movies. Even in advertising, the mass media (18) on accepted cultural values of thinness and fitness for commercial gain. Young
6、 adults are presented with a (19) defined standard of attractiveness, a(n) (20) that carries unrealistic physical expectations.（分数：10.00）(1).A alternative B preference C substitute D representative（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A accomplishes B fulfills C provides D suffices（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A risk B mercy
7、 C height D expense（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A Absorbed B Attracted C Aroused D Addicted（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A identify B recognize C unify D equate（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A abundance B incidence C prevalence D recurrence（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A disposed B hidden C implicit D potential（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A m
8、erged B emerged C immerged D submerged（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A apart from B much as C but for D along with（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A promote B propel C prompt D prosper（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A inspired B imposed C delivered D contributed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A External B Exterior C Explicit D Exposed（分数：0
9、.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A As B At C For D In（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A mark B effect C impact D shock（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A generalized B regularized C standardized D categorized（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A boom B bottom C brim D beam（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A over B with C on D at（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A play B take
10、 C profit D resort（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A barely B carefully C narrowly D subjectively（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A ideal B image C stereotype D criterion（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Children attending schools located in high-traffic zo
11、nes have a 45 percent increased risk of developing asthma, even though time spent at school only accounts for about one-third of a childs waking hours, according to new research. Asthma is the most common chronic childhood illness in developed countries and has been linked to environmental factors s
12、uch as traffic-related air pollution. “While residential traffic-related pollution has been associated with asthma, there has been little study of the effects of traffic exposure at school on new onset asthma,“ says Rob McConnell, professor of preventive medicine at USCs Keck School of Medicine. “Ex
13、posure to pollution at locations other than home, especially where children spend a large portion of their day and may engage in physical activity, appears to influence asthma risk as well.“ The study appears online in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives. The study drew upon data from the
14、Childrens Health Study (CHS), a longitudinal study of children in Southern California communities that was designed to investigate the chronic effects of air pollution on respiratory health. Using a cohort of 2 497 kindergarten and first grade children who were asthma-free when they entered the stud
15、y, researchers examined the relationship of local traffic around schools and homes to diagnosis new onset asthma that occurred during three years of follow-up. Traffic-related pollution exposure was assessed based on a model that took into account traffic volume, distance to major roadways from home
16、 and school and local weather conditions. Regional ambient ozone, nitrogen dioxide (二氧化氮) and particulate matter were measured continuously at one central site in each of the 13 study communities. The design allowed investigators to examine the joint effects of local traffic-related pollution exposu
17、re at school and at home and of regional pollution exposure affecting the entire community. Researchers found 120 cases of new asthma. The risk associated with traffic-related pollution exposure at schools was almost as high as for residential exposure, and combined exposure accounting for time spen
18、t at home and at school had a slightly larger effect. Although children spend less time at school than at home, physical education, and other activities that take place at school may increase ventilation rates and the dose of pollutants getting into the lungs, McConnell notes. Traffic-related pollut
19、ant levels may also be higher during the morning hours when children are arriving at school. Despite a state law that prohibits school districts from building campuses within 500 feet of a freeway, many Southern California schools are located near high-traffic areas, including busy surface streets.
20、“Its important to understand how these micro-environments where children spent a lot of their time outside of the home are impacting their health,“ McConnell says. “Policies that reduce exposure to high-traffic environments may help to prevent this disease. “ The study was funded by grants from the
21、National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the US Environmental Protection Agency, the South Coast Air Quality Management District, and the Hastings Foundation.（分数：10.00）(1).Which one is NOT the reason that children increase risk of developing asthma? A There exists traffic-related polluti
22、on. B Schools are located in heavy-traffic areas. C Children are frequently exposed to pollution. D The vehicles increase rapidly.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What kind of illness does “asthma“ belong to? A Mental sickness. B Respiratory disease. C Influenza. D Infectious disease.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).We can
23、 infer from McConnells view that_. A there has been little study of the residential traffic-related pollution B activities that take place at school may increase the risk of asthma C traffic-related pollutant level is lower during the morning hours D frequent exposure to outdoors appears to influenc
24、e the risk of asthma（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The method of preventing asthma is to_. A reduce exposure to schools B do more activities at home C reduce exposure to heavy traffic zones D understand the micro-environments（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following is TRUE according to the text? A In South
25、ern California, many schools are located near heavy traffic zones. B The study was carried out by many organizations. C Rob McConnell is the leader of the study. D Asthma is the most common chronic childhood illness around the world.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)It is no longer just dirty
26、 blue-collar jobs in manufacturing that are being sucked offshore but also white-collar service jobs, which used to be considered safe from foreign competition. Telecoms charges have tumbled, allowing workers in far-flung locations to be connected cheaply to customers in the developed world. This ha
27、s made it possible to offshore services that were once non-tradable. Morgan Stanleys Mr. Roach has been drawing attention to the fact that the “global labour arbitrage“ is moving rapidly to the better kinds of jobs. It is no longer just basic data processing and call centres that are being outsource
28、d to low-wage countries, but also software programming, medical diagnostics, engineering design, law, accounting, finance and business consulting. These can now be delivered electronically from anywhere in the world, exposing skilled white-collar workers to greater competition.The standard retort to
29、 such arguments is that outsourcing abroad is too small to matter much. So far fewer than lm American service-sector jobs have been lost to off-shoring. Forrester Research forecasts that by 2015 a total of 3.4m jobs in services will have moved abroad, but that is tiny compared with the 30m jobs dest
30、royed and created in America every year. The trouble is that such studies allow only for the sorts of jobs that are already being off-shored, when in reality the proportion of jobs that can be moved will rise as IT advances and education improves in emerging economies.Alan Blinder, an economist at P
31、rinceton University, believes that most economists are underestimating the disruptive effects of off-shoring, and that in future two to three times as many service jobs will be susceptible to off-shoring as in manufacturing. This would imply that at least 30% of all jobs might be at risk. In practic
32、e the number of jobs off-shored to China or India is likely to remain fairly modest. Even so, the mere threat that they could be shifted will depress wages.Moreover, says Mr. Blinder, education offers no protection. Highly skilled accountants, radiologists or computer programmers now have to compete
33、 with electronically delivered competition from abroad, whereas humble taxi drivers, janitors and crane operators remain safe from off-shoring. This may help to explain why the real median wage of American graduates has fallen by 6% since 9000, a bigger decline than in average wages.In the 1980s and
34、 early 1990s, the pay gap between low-paid, low-skilled workers and high-paid, high-skilled Workers widened significantly. But since then, according to a study by David Autor, Lawrence Katz and Melissa Kearney, in America, Britain and Germany workers at the bottom as well as at the top have done bet
35、ter than those in the middle-income group. Office cleaning cannot be done by workers in India. It is the easily standardised skilled jobs in the middle, such as accounting, that are now being squeezed hardest. A study by Bradford Jensen and Lori Kletzer, at the Institute for International Economics
36、in Washington D. C., confirms that workers in tradable services that are exposed to foreign competition tend to be more skilled than workers in non-tradable services and tradable manufacturing industries.（分数：10.00）(1).To offshore services that were once non-tradable results from _.A the blue-collar
37、job marketB the geographic location of the underdeveloped worldC the fierce competition among skilled workersD the dive of telecoms fee（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following statements is the typical reply concerning off-shoring?A Service-sector has sustained a great loss.B White-collar workers
38、 will not have a narrow escape.C Most economists underestimated the effects of off-shoring.D Outsourcing abroad has no significant impact.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the text, Forrester Research Prediction might be different if _.A outsourcing abroad is large enough to matter muchB the proport
39、ion of jobs that can be moved will riseC more comprehensive factors are taken into accountD education improvement in emerging economies plays a role（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The narrative of the text in the last three paragraphs concentrates on _.A the standard retort to the argumentsB off-shoring and th
40、e resulting incomeC the future off-shoringD the counter-measures at hand（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following could be the best title for the text?A Business consulting.B Blue-collar jobs.C Non-tradable services.D White-collar blues.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Supporters of aborti
41、on rights held a lunch recently in honor of a momentous victory for their cause: 40 years ago, New York became the first state to fully legalize abortion. That 1970 law began to reduce the death and injury toll from back-alley abortions and set the stage for the Supreme Courts Roe v. Wade decision i
42、n 1973, which made abortion legal nationwide and recognized a constitutional right to privacy.But abortion-rights groups are newly anxious about new assaults on womens reproductive rights, including a fight over abortion that snarled the last days of the health care reform debate. Anti-abortion grou
43、ps are newly emboldened. Kelli Conlin, head of Naral Pro-Choice New York, told guests at the lunch that “anti-choice forces are mobilizing in every single state to limit a womans access to abortion in more insidious ways than we can imagine. “As Ms. Conlin was speaking, members of the Oklahoma House
44、 were getting ready to override vetoes of two punishing abortion measures. The states Democratic governor, Brad Henry, rightly viewed these intrusions into womens lives and decision-making as unconstitutional. One of the measures, which seems destined to spawn copycat bills in other states, requires
45、 women to undergo an ultrasound before getting an abortion and further mandates that a doctor or technician set up the monitor so the woman can see it and hear a detailed description of the fetus. The other law grants protection from lawsuits to doctors who deliberately withhold fetal testing result
46、s that might affect a womans decision about whether to carry her pregnancy to term.Several states have either passed or are considering bills that would ban abortion coverage in insurance plans sold through the state exchanges established by the federal health care law. A new Utah law criminalizes c
47、ertain behavior by women that results in miscarriage. Embarking on a road that could lead to the Supreme Court, Nebraska last month banned most abortions at the 20th week of pregnancy based on a questionable theory of fetal pain. About two dozen states are looking at bills to increase counseling req
48、uirements or waiting periods prior to abortions. About 20 states are considering new ultrasound requirements. “One in three women in this country will have an abortion in her lifetime, and yet were having exactly the same discussions and debates we were having forty years ago,“ Ms. Conlin said.Anti-
49、abortion forces aim ultimately to make abortion illegal. So far, by reducing the number of abortion providers, making insurance coverage more expensive and harder to get, and throwing up other obstacles, they have primarily succeeded in making it harder for women of modest and meager means to obtain a safe and legal
