1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 65 及答案解析(总分：70.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：7，分数：70.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.（分数：10.00）_A number of ethical questions cluster around both ends
2、of the human life span. Whether abortion is morally justifiable has popularly been seen as depending on our answer to the question “When does a human life begin?“ Many philosophers believe this to be the wrong question to ask because it suggests that there might be a factual answer that we can someh
3、ow discover through advances in science. 【F1】 Instead, these philosophers think we need to ask what it is that makes killing a human being wrong and then consider whether these characteristics, whatever they might be, apply to the fetus in an abortion. There is no generally agreed upon answer, yet s
4、ome philosophers have presented surprisingly strong arguments to the effect that not only the fetus but even the newborn infant has no right to life. Such views have been hotly contested, especially by those who claim that all human life, irrespective of its characteristics, must be regarded as sacr
5、osanct. The task for those who defend the sanctity of human life is to explain why human life, no matter what its characteristics, is specially worthy of protection.【F2】 Explanation could no doubt be provided in terms of such traditional Christian doctrines as that all humans are made in the image o
6、f God or that all humans have an immortal soul. In the current debate, however, the opponents of abortion have eschewed religious arguments of this kind without finding a convincing secular alternative. Somewhat similar issues are raised by euthanasia when it is non-voluntary, as, for example, in th
7、e case of severely disabled newborn infants.【F3】 Euthanasia, however, can be voluntary, and this has brought it support from some who hold that the state should not interfere with the free, informed choices of its citizens in matters that do not cause others harm. 【F4】 Opposition to voluntary euthan
8、asia has centred on practical matters such as the difficulty of adequate safeguards and on the argument that it would lead to a “slippery slope“ that would take us to non-voluntary euthanasia and eventually to the compulsory involuntary killing of those the state considers to be socially undesirable
9、. 【F5】 Philosophers have also canvassed the moral significance of the distinction between killing and allowing to die, which is reflected in the fact that many physicians will allow a patient with an incurable condition to die when life could still be prolonged, but they will not take active steps t
10、o end the patient“s life.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_A second conclusion to be drawn from experience is the close connection between export expansion and economic development. The high-growth countries were characterized by rapi
11、d expansion in exports. Here again it is important to note that export expansion was not confined to those countries fortunate in their natural resources, such as the oil-exporting countries.【F1】 Some of the developing countries were able to expand their exports in spite of limitations in natural re
12、sources by initiating economic policies that shifted resources from inefficient domestic manufacturing industries to export production. Nor was export expansion from the developing countries confined to primary products. There was very rapid expansion of exports of labour-intensive manufactured good
13、s. Countries that adopted export-oriented development strategies experienced extremely high rates of growth that were regarded as unattainable in the 1950s and 1960s. They were also able to maintain their growth momentum during periods of worldwide recession better than were the countries that maint
14、ained their import substitution policies. Analysts have pointed to a number of reasons why the export-oriented growth strategy seems to deliver more rapid economic development than the import substitution strategy.【F2】 First, a developing country able to specialize in producing labour-intensive comm
15、odities uses its comparative advantage in the international market and is also better able to use its most abundant resourceunskilled labour. The experience of export-oriented countries has been that there is little or no disguised unemployment once labour-market regulations are dismantled and incen
16、tives are created for individual firms to sell in the export market. Second, most developing countries have such small domestic markets that efforts to grow by starting industries that rely on domestic demand result in uneconomically small, inefficient enterprises. Moreover, those enterprises will t
17、ypically be protected from international competition and the incentives it provides for efficient production techniques.【F3】 Third, an export-oriented strategy is inconsistent with the impulse to impose detailed economic controls; the absence of such controls, and their replacement by incentives, pr
18、ovides a great stimulus to increases in output and to the efficiency with which resources are employed. 【F4】 The increasing capacity of a developing country“s entrepreneurs to adapt their resources and internal economic organization to the pressures of world-market demand and international competiti
19、on is a very important connecting link between export expansion and economic development. 【F5】 It is important in this connection to stress the educative effect of freer international trade in creating an environment conducive to the acceptance of new ideas, new wants, and new techniques of producti
20、on and methods of organization from abroad.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_It is difficult to see how one can teach if one is not learning. But there are some distinctions to be made here. To rely on last year“s notes, oreven worseo
21、ne“s last year“s memory, as if that would always be an adequate basis for passing on knowledge, is to mistake what human knowledge is.【F1】 And so the assimilation of books, the reading of articles, the pursuit of matters of concern will be crucial to one“s ability to introduce and develop a student“
22、s ability to participate in a specific universe of discourse. Research might be thought to be another matter especially if it is defined as adding to the sum total of human knowledge.【F2】 The expansion of higher education which has taken place, and more particularly the expansion which is likely to
23、take place, simply makes it unlikely that all those who are legitimately involved in the teaching and who fulfill their responsibilities utterly in that regard, are themselves all capable of adding anything worth having to the sum total of human knowledge. It seems best, therefore, not to assume it,
24、 and not to presume what in principle is undeliverable. On the other hand, an institution of higher education which is not committed as a community to research will be defective.【F3】 The limit of what we know must be apparent, the means and opportunities of inquiry must be understood, the value of r
25、esearch shared, even if it is only some members of a department, a faculty or an institution who are actually engaged in it. Scholarship is for all; research for those who are most adept.【F4】 Of course, a proper celebration of the role of teaching and the art of the teacher will help to put right th
26、e very serious disparity of esteem which is affecting our judgment in this area. But all this has implications for staff development. The distribution of resources by the institution will be a judgment on its moral perspective. So the identification and support of ways in which teaching can be impro
27、ved, will be as important as the development of research in the life of an academic community.【F5】 Something significant is done by the support of scholarship, by financing attendance at conferences; but attention to teaching styles and learning strategies through courses, discussion, visiting lectu
28、res, schools, may all be as important.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_For man and women under 30, smoking does not prevent typical age-related weight gain, according to a study of nearly 4,000 white and black young adults ages 18 to
29、 30.【F1】 The tobacco industry has named cigarettes “thins“ and “slims“ in an attempt to appeal to weight-conscious young women who think that smoking will help them control their weight, but this study indicates that smoking has a negligible effect on body weight. The researchers classified particip
30、ants into six groups based on self-reported smoking status. Participants“ self-reported smoking status and body weight were reassessed at two-, five-, and seven-year follow-ups. The researchers found minimal evidence of any weight control benefit from smoking. Those who smoked, or who began smoking,
31、 did not lose weight. 【F2】 While smoking was associated with an attenuation of weight gain among black adults, no such effect occurred among white men or women, the latter being the group most likely to smoke “to control body weight“. 【F3】 The finding of little immediate or even long-term(seven year
32、s)weight-control benefit from smoking among young adults goes against the beliefs of both smokers and nonsmokers that smoking helps to control or to limit weight gain. Any weight control benefit derived from smoking is likely to take many years, according to the researchers. The researchers also fou
33、nd that individuals who quit smoking experienced greater weight gain than individuals who continued smoking or never smoked at all. While smoking is not a successful mechanism for weight control, smoking cessation does have serious long-term consequences for body weight. “These findings have importa
34、nt public health implications, since the perception that smoking controls body weight is widespread, particularly among youth,“ said Dr. Klesges, lead author of the study.【F4】 “Every day, many young Americans begin smoking believing that it will help them lose weight,“ but these results demonstrate
35、that smoking does not help control weight, and only after decades of smoking do we see a difference in body weights of smokers and non-smokers. “If young people throughout the nation can learn that smoking has no effect on body weight, it is likely that a significant reduction among smoking in youth
36、 would be observed. “ 【F5】 The authors suggest that future research should look at the effects of smoking on body weight among younger participants, since the pre-teen and teenage years are when individuals typically start smoking. While this research focused on smoking and weight gain among whites
37、and blacks, future studies should also gauge whether these findings apply to other ethnic groups.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_Since much of the early impetus for applied ethics came from the U. S. civil rights movement, such topi
38、cs as equality, human rights, and justice have been prominent. 【F1】 We often make statements such as “All humans are equal“ without thinking too deeply about the justification for the claims. Since the mid-1960s much has been written about how they can be justified. Discussions of this sort have led
39、 in several directions, often following social and political movements. The initial focus, especially in the United States, was on racial equality, and here, for once, there was a general consensus among philosophers on the unacceptability of discrimination against blacks.【F2】 With so little disagre
40、ement about racial discrimination itself, the centre of attention soon moved to reverse discrimination: Is it acceptable to favour blacks for jobs and enrollment in universities and colleges because they had been discriminated against in the past and were generally so much worse off than whites? Or
41、is this, too, a form of racial discrimination and unacceptable for that reason? Inequality between the sexes has been another focus of discussion. Does equality here mean ending as far as possible all differences in the sex roles, or could we have equal status for different roles?【F3】 There has been
42、 a lively debateboth between feminists and their opponents and, on a different level, among feminists themselves-about what a society without sexual inequality would be like. Here, too, the legitimacy of reverse discrimination has been a contentious issue. Feminist philosophers have also been involv
43、ed in debates over abortion and new methods of reproduction. These topics will be covered separately below. Many discussions of justice and equality are limited in scope to a single society.【F4】 Even Rawls“ s theory of justice, for example, has nothing to say about the distribution of wealth between societies, a subject that could make acceptance of his maximin principle much more onerous. But philosophers have now begun to think abou
