1、Motivation: From Concepts to Applications,Set me anything to do as a task, and it is inconceivable the desire I have to do something else. - G.B. Shaw,Chapter Outline,Management By Objectives Employee Recognition Programs Employee Involvement Programs Variable Pay Programs Skill-Based Pay Plans Flex
2、ible Benefits Special Issues in Motivation,Motivation: From Concepts to Applications,Identify the four ingredients common to MBO programs Explain why managers might want to use employee involvement programs Contrast participative management with employee involvement Define quality circles Explain ho
3、w ESOPs can increase employee motivation Contrast gainsharing and profit sharing Describe the link between skill-based pay plays and motivation theories Explain how flexible benefits turn benefits into motivators Contrast the challenges of motivating professional employees versus low-skilled employe
4、es Contrast the challenges in motivating professional employees with temporary workers,Management by Objectives,A program that encompasses specific goals participatively set for an explicit time period with feedback on goal progress MBO operationalizes the concept of objectives by devising a process
5、 by which objectives cascade down through the organization. The result is a hierarchy of objectives that links objectives at one level to those at the next level. For the individual employee, MBO provides specific personal performance objectives.,Exhibit 6-1 Cascading of Objectives,Linking MBO and G
6、oal-Setting Theory,Goal Setting Theory Demonstrates that: hard goals result in a higher level of individual performance, specific hard goals result in higher levels of performance than do no goals or generalized goals, and feedback on ones performance leads to higher performance MBO directly advocat
7、es specific goals and feedback.,Employee Recognition Programs,What Are Employee Recognition Programs Programs that use multiple sources and recognizes both individual and group accomplishments. Linking Programs and Reinforcement Theory Consistent with the reinforcement theory, rewarding a behavior w
8、ith recognition immediately following that behavior is likely to encourage its repetition. Employee Recognition Programs in Practice In contrast to most other motivators, recognizing an employees superior performance often costs little or no money, making them highly attractive to industry.,Employee
9、 Involvement Programs,A participative process that uses the entire capacity of employees and is designed to encourage increased commitment to the organizations success. Examples of Employee Involvement Participative Management Representative Participation Work Councils Board Representatives Quality
10、Circles Employee Stock Ownership Plans,Exhibit 6-2 How a Typical Quality Circle Operates,Variable-Pay Programs,A portion of an employees pay is based on some individual and/or organizational measure of performance. piece-rate pay plans profit-sharing plans gainsharing plans Linking Variable-Pay Plan
11、s and Expectancy Theory evidence supports the importance of this linkage, especially for operative employees working under piece-rate systems. group and organization wide incentives reinforce and encourage employees to sublimate personal goals for the best interests of their department or organizati
12、on.,Skill-Based Pay Plans,Pay levels based on how many skills employees have or how many jobs they can do. Whats the appeal of skill-based pay? Managements perspective flexibility facilitates communication lessens “protective territory” behavior Is there a Downside? People can “top out” Employee fru
13、stration can increase Skills become obsolete Paying people for acquired skills not used,Flexible Benefits,Allowing employees to tailor their benefit program to meet their personal needs by picking and choosing from a menu of benefit options.,Motivating Professionals,How are “Professionals” different
14、? Receive a great deal of “intrinsic” satisfaction from their work. Strong and long-term commitment to their field of expertise Well paid/ Chief reward is work itself. Value support More focused on work as central life interest. How do we motivate professionals? Provide challenging projects Give the
15、m autonomy in follow interests and structure work. Reward with educational opportunities. Recognize their contributions.,Motivating Contingent Workers,No simple solutions to motivating contingent workers. Contingent or temporary workers have little or no job security/stability, therefore they dont i
16、dentify with the organization or display the commitment of permanent employees. Contingent or temporary workers are typically provided with little or no health care, pensions, or similar benefits. Greatest motivating factor is the opportunity to gain permanent employment. Motivation is also increase
17、d if the employee sees that the job he or she is doing for the firm can develop salable skills.,Motivating the Diversified Work Force,Not all employees are motivated by money. flexibility is the key to maximizing your employees motivation by understanding and responding to the diversity of needs. sp
18、ecially designed work schedules flexible compensation plans flexible benefits plans physical work settings child care elderly care flexible work hours job sharing flexible leave work teams,Motivating the Low-Skilled Service Worker,One of the most challenging problems in industry today. Many “plans”
19、have been tried, almost all unsuccessfully flexible work schedules broader responsibility for inventory, scheduling, and hiring creation of a “family” atmosphere among employees Unless pay and benefits rise significantly, continued high turnover can be expected.,Motivating People Doing Highly Repeti
20、tive Tasks,Motivating individuals in these jobs can be made through careful selection: People vary in their tolerance for ambiguity. Many individuals prefer jobs that have a minimal amount of discretion and variety. High pay and careful selection can reduce: recruitment problems and high turnover, h
21、owever, this doesnt necessarily lead to highly motivated workers. Creative personnel programs have exhibited some success by providing: clean and attractive work surroundings, ample work breaks and opportunity to socialize during breaks, and empathetic supervisors.,Summary and Implications for Manag
22、ers,Recognize Individual Differences Employees have different needs. Dont treat them all alike. Spend the time necessary to understand whats important to each employee. Use Goals and Feedback Allow Employees to Participate in Decisions That Affect Them Link Rewards to Performance Employees must perceive a clear linkage. Check the System for Equity,
