1、Advanced Artificial Lift Methods PE 571Introduction,Instructor: Tan Nguyen Class: Tuesday & Thursday Time: 09:30 AM - 10:45 AM Room: MSEC 367 Office: MSEC 372 Office Hours: Tuesday & Thursday 2:00 4:00 pm Phone: ext-5483 E-mail: tcnguyennmt.edu,Class Schedule,Brown, Kermit E. (1980). The Technology
2、of Artificial Lift Methods, Volumes 1, 2a and 2b. Tulsa, OK: PennWell Publishing Co. Brown, Kermit E. (1982). “Overview of Artificial Lift Systems.” Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 34, No. 10. Richardson, TX: Society of Petroleum Engineers. Clegg, J.D., Bucaram, S.M. and Hein, N.W. Jr. (1993).
3、 “Recommendations and Comparisons for Selecting Artificial Lift Methods.” Journal of Petroleum Technology (December), p. 1128. Richardson, TX: Society of Petroleum Engineers. Moineau, Rene (1930). “Un Nouveau Capsulisme.” Extracts from doctoral thesis, University of Paris.,References,Takcs, Gabor (2
4、005). Gas Lift Manual. Tulsa , OK : PennWell Publishing. Weatherford International Ltd. (2003, 2005). Artificial Lift Products and Services . Houston : Weatherford International Ltd. Schmidt, Z. and Doty, D.R (1989): “System Analysis for Sucker-Rod Pumping.“ SPE Production Engineering (May), p. 125.
5、 Richardson , TX : Society of Petroleum Engineers. Zaba, J., (1968), Modern Oil Well Pumping. Tulsa, OK: PennWell Publishing Co.,References,Chapter 1: Electrical Submersible PumpChapter 2: Rod Sucker PumpChapter 3: Gas LiftChapter 4: Plunger Lift Chapter 5: Progressive Cavity PumpChapter 6: Hydrauli
6、c Pump,Course Outline,Homework 15 %Quizzes 20 %Project 30 %Final 35 %,Course Outline,Introduction to Artificial Lift,IPR vs. OPR,q = PI (Pavg - Pwf),A well never actually attains its absolute flow potential, because in order for it to flow, Pwf must exceed the backpressure that the producing fluid e
7、xerts on the formation as it moves through the production system. This backpressure or bottomhole pressure has the following components:Hydrostatic pressure of the producing fluid columnFriction pressure caused by fluid movement through the tubing, wellhead and surface equipmentKinetic or potential
8、losses due to diameter restrictions, pipe bends or elevation changes.,Introduction to Artificial Lift,Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR),Artificial lift is a means of overcoming bottomhole pressure so that a well can produce at some desired rate, either by injecting gas into the producing fluid c
9、olumn to reduce its hydrostatic pressure, or using a downhole pump to provide additional lift pressure downhole.We tend to associate artificial lift with mature, depleted fields, where Pavg has declined such that the reservoir can no longer produce under its natural energy. But these methods are als
10、o used in younger fields to increase production rates and improve project economics.,Introduction to Artificial Lift,Artificial Lift,Gas lift involves injecting high-pressure gas from the surface into the producing fluid column through one or more subsurface valves set at predetermined depths,Introd
11、uction to Artificial Lift,Gas Lift,There are two main types of gas lift: Continuous gas lift, where gas is injected in a constant, uninterrupted stream. This lowers the overall density of the fluid column and reduces the hydrostatic component of the flowing bottomhole pressure. This method is genera
12、lly applied to wells with high productivity indexes. Intermittent gas lift, which is designed for lower-productivity wells. In this type of gas lift installation, a volume of formation fluid accumulates inside the production tubing. A high-pressure “slug” of gas is then injected below the liquid, ph
13、ysically displacing it to the surface. As soon as the fluid is produced, gas injection is interrupted, and the cycle of liquid accumulation-gas injection-liquid production is repeated.,Introduction to Artificial Lift,Gas Lift,Advantages: Gas lift can be used in deviated or crooked wellbores, and in
14、high-temperature environments that might adversely affect other lift methods, and it is conducive to maximizing lift efficiency in high-GOR wells. Wireline-retrievable gas lift valves can be pulled and reinstalled without pulling the tubing, making it relatively easy and economical to modify the des
15、ign. Disadvantages: the availability of gas and the costs for compression and injection are major considerations. Lift efficiency can be reduced by corrosion and paraffin. Another disadvantage of gas lift is its difficulty in fully depleting low-pressure, low-productivity wells. Also, the start-and-
16、stop nature of intermittent gas lift may cause downhole pressure surges and lead to increased sand production.,Introduction to Artificial Lift,Gas Lift,Downhole pumps are used to increase pressure at the bottom of the tubing string by an amount sufficient to lift fluid to the surface. These pumps fa
17、ll into two basic categories: positive displacement pumps and dynamic displacement pumps. A positive displacement pump works by moving fluid from a suction chamber to a discharge chamber. This basic operating principle applies to reciprocating rod pumps, hydraulic piston pumps and progressive cavity
18、 pumps (PCPs). A dynamic displacement pump works by causing fluid to move from inlet to outlet under its own momentum, as is the case with a centrifugal pump. Dynamic displacement pumps commonly used in artificial lift include electrical submersible pumps (ESPs) and hydraulic jet pumps.,Introduction
19、 to Artificial Lift,Pump-Assisted Lift,Beam pumping is the most common artificial lift method. It can be used for a wide range of production rates and operating conditions, and rod pump systems are relatively simple to operate and maintain. However, the volumetric efficiency (capacity) of a rod pump
20、 is low. its initial installation may involve relatively high capital costs. Its application is very limited for deep, inclined and horizontal wells.,Introduction to Artificial Lift,Pump-Assisted Lift Reciprocating Rod Pump,As the rotor turns, cavities between the rotor and stator move upward. Progr
21、essive cavity pumps are commonly used for dewatering coalbed methane gas wells, for production and injection applications in waterflood projects and for producing heavy or high-solids oil. They are versatile, generally very efficient, and excellent for handling fluids with high solids content. Howev
22、er, because of the torsional stresses placed on rod strings and temperature limitations on the stator elastomers, they are not used in deeper wells.,Introduction to Artificial Lift,Pump-Assisted Lift PCP,Hydraulic pump systems use a power fluidusually light oil or waterthat is injected from the surf
23、ace to operate a downhole pump. Multiple wells can be produced using a single surface power fluid installation,Introduction to Artificial Lift,Pump-Assisted Lift Hydraulic Pump,With a reciprocating hydraulic pump, the injected power fluid operates a downhole fluid engine, which drives a piston to pu
24、mp formation fluid and spent power fluid to the surface. A jet pump is a type of hydraulic pump with no moving parts. Power fluid is injected into the pump body and into a small-diameter nozzle, where it becomes a low-pressure, high-velocity jet. Formation fluid mixes with the power fluid, and then
25、passes into an expanding-diameter diffuser. This reduces the velocity of the fluid mixture, while causing its pressure to increase to a level that is sufficient to lift it to the surface,Introduction to Artificial Lift,Pump-Assisted Lift Hydraulic Pump,Used at depths from 1000 to 17,000 feet and are
26、 capable of producing at rates from 100 to 10,000 B/D. They can be hydraulically circulated in and out of the well, thus eliminating the need for wireline or rig operations to replace pumps and making this system adaptable to changing field conditions. Another advantage is that heavy, viscous fluids
27、 are easier to lift after mixing with the lighter power fluid. Disadvantages of hydraulic pump systems include the potential fire hazards if oil is used as a power fluid, the difficulty in pumping produced fluids with high solids content, the effects of gas on pump efficiency and the need for dual s
28、trings of tubing on some installations.,Introduction to Artificial Lift,Pump-Assisted Lift Hydraulic Pump,An electric submersible pumping (ESP) assembly consists of a downhole centrifugal pump driven by a submersible electric motor, which is connected to a power source at the surface,Introduction to
29、 Artificial Lift,Pump-Assisted Lift ESP,Advantages: The most efficient lift methods on a cost-per-barrel basis. High rate: 100 to 60,000 B/D, including high water-cut fluids. Work in high-temperature wells (above 350F) using high-temperature motors and cables. The pumps can be modified to lift corro
30、sive fluids and sand. ESP systems can be used in high-angle and horizontal wells if placed in straight or vertical sections of the well.,Introduction to Artificial Lift,Pump-Assisted Lift ESP,Disadvantages: ESP pumps can be damaged from “gas lock”. In wells producing high GOR fluids, a downhole gas
31、separator must be installed. Another disadvantage is that ESP pumps have limited production ranges determined by the number and type of pump stages; changing production rates requires either a pump change or installation of a variable-speed surface drive. The tubing must be pulled for pump repairs o
32、r replacement.,Introduction to Artificial Lift,Pump-Assisted Lift ESP,Artificial lift considerations should ideally be part of the well planning process. Future lift requirements will be based on the overall reservoir exploitation strategy, and will have a strong impact on the well design. Some of t
33、he key factors that influence the selection of an artificial lift method. IPR: A wells inflow performance relationship defines its production potential Liquid production rate: The anticipated production rate is a controlling factor in selecting a lift method; positive displacement pumps are generall
34、y limited to rates of 4000-6000 B/D. Water cut: High water cuts require a lift method that can move large volumes of fluid,Introduction to Artificial Lift,Selecting an Artificial Lift Method Reservoir Characteristics,Gas-liquid ratio: A high GLR generally lowers the efficiency of pump-assisted lift
35、Viscosity: Viscosities less than 10 cp are generally not a factor in selecting a lift method; high-viscosity fluids can cause difficulty, particularly in sucker rod pumping Formation volume factor: Ratio of reservoir volume to surface volume determines how much total fluid must be lifted to achieve
36、the desired surface production rate Reservoir drive mechanism: Depletion drive reservoirs: Late-stage production may require pumping to produce low fluid volumes or injected water. Water drive reservoirs : High water cuts may cause problems for lifting systems Gas cap drive reservoirs : Increasing g
37、as-liquid ratios may affect lift efficiency.,Introduction to Artificial Lift,Selecting an Artificial Lift Method Reservoir Characteristics,Well depth: The well depth dictates how much surface energy is needed to move fluids to surface, and may place limits on sucker rods and other equipment. Complet
38、ion type: Completion and perforation skin factors affect inflow performance. Casing and tubing sizes: Small-diameter casing limits the production tubing size and constrains multiple options. Small-diameter tubing will limit production rates, but larger tubing may allow excessive fluid fallback. Well
39、bore deviation: Highly deviated wells may limit applications of beam pumping or PCP systems because of drag, compressive forces and potential for rod and tubing wear.,Introduction to Artificial Lift,Selecting an Artificial Lift Method Hole Characteristics,Flow rates: Flow rates are governed by wellh
40、ead pressures and backpressures in surface production equipment (i.e., separators, chokes and flowlines). Fluid contaminants: Paraffin or salt can increase the backpressure on a well. Power sources: The availability of electricity or natural gas governs the type of artificial lift selected. Diesel,
41、propane or other sources may also be considered. Field location: In offshore fields, the availability of platform space and placement of directional wells are primary considerations. In onshore fields, such factors as noise limits, safety, environmental, pollution concerns, surface access and well s
42、pacing must be considered.,Introduction to Artificial Lift,Selecting an Artificial Lift Method Surface Characteristics,Long-range recovery plans: Field conditions may change over time. Pressure maintenance operations: Water or gas injection may change the artificial lift requirements for a field. En
43、hanced oil recovery projects: EOR processes may change fluid properties and require changes in the artificial lift system. Field automation: If the surface control equipment will be electrically powered, an electrically powered artificial lift system should be considered. Availability of operating a
44、nd service personnel and support services: Some artificial lift systems are relatively low-maintenance; others require regular monitoring and adjustment. Servicing requirements (e.g., workover rig versus wireline unit) should be considered. Familiarity of field personnel with equipment should also b
45、e taken into account.,Introduction to Artificial Lift,Selecting an Artificial Lift Method Field Operating Characteristics,Introduction to Artificial Lift,General Guidelines (Weatherford 2005),Introduction to Artificial Lift,General Guidelines (Weatherford 2005),Introduction to Artificial Lift,General Guidelines (Weatherford 2005),
