1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 207 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Europes biggest countries were once among the biggest anywhere. In 1950, four of the worlds ten most 【C1】 _ states were in western
2、 Europe. But decades of falling birth rates have 【C2】_ slow population growth in Europe. By 2017, Europes most populous country【C3】_ just 16th globally. The continents birth rate is now so low that the total population in many European countries has begun to 【C4】_. One solution is to attract foreign
3、ers. Eurostat said that the regions population rose in 2016【C5 】_ immigration. The number of births and deaths were equal at 5.1m, while net migration 【C6 】_ the population to 511.8m. In 13 【C7】_ its 28 member countries, more people died than were born last year. 【C8 】_ not all saw their populations
4、 fall. A large intake of migrants to Germany meant that populations there still 【C9 】_ grow.By 2050, Eurostat estimates that only Ireland, France, Norway and Britain would see their populations rise 【C10 】_ migration. 【C11】_ , Germany and Italy need migrants badly. 【C12】_migration does continue, Eur
5、ostats central forecast 【C13 】_ that Germany will still only maintain its current population.Even 【C14 】_ migration at current levels is unlikely to prevent most eastern and Mediterranean countries 【C15】_ shrinking. The former group has been losing people 【C16 】_ the break-up of the Soviet Union. 【C
6、17】_ those countries joined the EU, large shares of their populations emigrated to richer EU member countries to work. For those who leave, the freedom to live and work is an immense boon. But the countries 【C18】_ they were raised face a hard task. They must attract and 【C19】_ new workers, increase
7、their birth rates, or learn to 【C20 】_ a declining population.1 【C1 】（A）powerful（B） populous（C） wealthy（D）prosperous2 【C2 】（A）resulted in（B） stemmed from（C） contributed to（D）influenced by3 【C3 】（A）rated（B） ranged（C） ranked（D）stood4 【C4 】（A）diminish（B） decline（C） dwindle（D）drop5 【C5 】（A）apart from（B）
8、 in spite of（C） according to（D）because of6 【C6 】（A）accelerated（B） promoted（C） boosted（D）raised7 【C7 】（A）in（B） of（C） with（D）for8 【C8 】（A）And（B） So（C） But（D）Despite9 【C9 】（A）remained to（B） longed to（C） intended to（D）managed to10 【C10 】（A）with（B） without（C） for（D）during11 【C11 】（A）On the other hand（B）
9、In the same way（C） In contrast（D）In addition12 【C12 】（A）Nevertheless（B） Since（C） Even if（D）When13 【C13 】（A）asserts（B） claims（C） reckons（D）declares14 【C14 】（A）attaining（B） detaining（C） retaining（D）sustaining15 【C15 】（A）from（B） in（C） on（D）out of16 【C16 】（A）now that（B） ever since（C） even though（D）as if
10、17 【C17 】（A）Because（B） Although（C） Since（D）When18 【C18 】（A）where（B） which（C） that（D）/19 【C19 】（A）supervise（B） retain（C） fire（D）pay20 【C20 】（A）rely on（B） fight against（C） deal with（D）live withPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or
11、D. (40 points)20 A new website from the U.S, Department of Agriculture (USDA) shows that 10% of the country is now a “food desert“. The Food Desert Locator is an online map highlighting thousands of areas where, the USDA says, low-income families have no or little access to healthy fresh food. First
12、 identified in Scotland in the 1990s, food deserts have come to symbolize urban decay. They suggest images of endless fast-food restaurants and convenience stores serving fatty, sugary junk food to overweight customers who have never tasted a Brussels sprout (抱子甘蓝).The USDA links food deserts to a g
13、rowing weight problem that has seen childhood obesity in America triple since 1980 and the annual cost of treating obesity swell to nearly $150 billion. Accordingly, Michelle Obama announced a $400m Healthy Food Financing Initiative last year with the aim of eliminating food deserts nationwide by 20
14、17. Official figures for the number of people living in food deserts already show a decline, from 23.5m in 2009 to 13.5m at the launch of the website in May, 2010. In America, the definition of a food desert is any census area where at least 20% of inhabitants are below the poverty line and 33% live
15、 more than a mile from a supermarket. By simply extending the cut-off in rural areas to ten miles, the USDA managed to rescue 10m people from desert life.Some academics would go further, calling the appearance of many food deserts nothing but a mirage and not the real problem. Research by the Centre
16、 for Public Health Nutrition at the University of Washington found that only 15% of people shopped for food within their own census area. Critics also note that focusing on supermarkets means that the USDA ignores tens of thousands of larger and smaller retailers, farmers markets and roadside greeng
17、rocers, many of which are excellent sources of fresh food.A visit to Renton, a depressed suburb of Seattle, demonstrates the problem. The town sits in the middle of a USDA food desert stretching miles in every direction. Yet it is home to a roadside stand serving organic fruit and vegetables, a heal
18、th-food shop packed with nutritious grains and a superstore that attracts flocks of shoppers from well outside the desert.No surprise, then, that neither USDA nor the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies has been able to establish a causal link between food deserts and dietary health. In
19、fact, both agree that merely improving access to healthy food does not change consumer behavior. Open a full-service supermarket in a food desert and shoppers tend to buy the same artery-clogging junk food as before they just pay less for it. The unpalatable truth seems to be that some Americans sim
20、ply do not care to eat a balanced diet, while others, increasingly, cannot afford to. Over the last four years, the price of the healthiest foods has increased at around twice the rate of energy-dense junk food. That is the nutshell (概括) of the whole problem.21 What can we learn about the food deser
21、t?（A）It is an area where the locals cant grow fresh food.（B） It is an area where a lot of people are starving.（C） It is an area where fresh food is hardly available to the locals.（D）It is an area where people are mostly overweight.22 According to Para. 2, how did USDA reduce the number of people in
22、food desert by 10m?（A）By promoting the concept of organic food.（B） By raising peoples awareness of dietary health.（C） By establishing more full-service supermarkets.（D）By extending the definition of food desert in rural areas.23 The critics of food desert hold the view that _.（A）USDA overemphasizes
23、the importance of supermarkets（B） shoppers should go outside their residence areas for food（C） USDA should expand the census areas to locate food deserts（D）shoppers should visit supermarkets more frequently24 According to the passage, which of the following can hardly be a source of fresh food?（A）Wa
24、l-Mart.（B） Farmers market.（C） Convenience store.（D）Roadside stand.25 According to the last paragraph, which of the following statements is true?（A）It is a simple matter to change consumers preference for food.（B） The relationship between food desert and dietary health is certain.（C） Price can be a d
25、ecisive factor when consumers buy food.（D）Opening full-service supermarkets will eliminate food deserts in the U.S.25 Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resul
26、ted in roboticsthe science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice
27、 but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks
28、to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracyfar greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the
29、 next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,“ says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NA
30、SA, “we cant yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world.“Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors mig
31、ht be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brains roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talentedand human perce
32、ption far more complicatedthan previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrel
33、evant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth cant approach that kind of ability, and neu-roscientists still dont know quite how we do it.26 Human ingenuity was initially de
34、monstrated in _.（A）the use of machines to produce science fiction（B） the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry（C） the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work（D）the elites cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work27 The word “gizmos“ (Line 1, Para.2) most probably means _.（A）
35、programs（B） experts（C） devices（D）creatures28 According to the text, what is beyond mans ability now is to design a robot that can _.（A）fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery（B） interact with human beings verbally（C） have a little common sense（D）respond independently to a changing world
36、29 Besides reducing human labor, robots can also _.（A）make a few decisions for themselves（B） deal with some errors with human intervention（C） improve factory environments（D）cultivate human creativity30 The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are _.（A）expected to copy human brain
37、 in internal structure（B） able to perceive abnormalities immediately（C） far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information（D）best used in a controlled environment30 For more than a decade, the prevailing view of innovation has been that little guys had the edge. Innovation bubbled up
38、 from the bottom, from upstarts and insurgents. Big companies didnt innovate, and government got in the way. In the dominant innovation narrative, venture-backed start-up companies were cast as the nimble winners and large corporations as the sluggish losers.There was a rich vein of business-school
39、research supporting the notion that innovation comes most naturally from small-scale outsiders. That was the headline point that a generation of business people, venture investors and policy makers took away from Clayton M. Christensens 1997 classic, The Innovators Dilemma, which examined the proces
40、s of disruptive change.But a shift in thinking is under way, driven by altered circumstances. In the United States and abroad, the biggest economic and social challengesand potential business opportunitiesare problems in multifaceted fields like the environment, energy and health care that rely on c
41、omplex systems.Solutions wont come from the next new gadget or clever software, though such innovations will help. Instead, they must plug into a larger network of change shaped by economics, regulation and policy. Progress, experts say, will depend on people in a wide range of disciplines, and coll
42、aboration across the public and private sectors.“These days, more than ever, size matters in the innovation game,“ said John Kao, a former professor at the Harvard business school and an innovation consultant to governments and corporations. In its economic recovery package, the Obama administration
43、 is financing programs to generate innovation with technology in health care and energy. The government will spend billions to accelerate the adoption of electronic patient records to help improve care and curb costs, and billions more to spur the installation of so called smart grids that use senso
44、rs and computerized meters to reduce electricity consumption.In other developed nations, where energy costs are higher than in the United States, government and corporate projects to cut fuel use and reduce carbon emissions are further along. But the Obama administration is pushing environmental and
45、 energy conservation policy more in the direction of Europe and Japan. The change will bolster demand for more efficient and more environmentally friendly systems for managing commuter traffic, food distribution, electric grids and waterways.These systems are animated by inexpensive sensors and ever
46、-increasing computing power but also require the skills to analyze, model and optimize complex networks, factoring in things as diverse as weather patterns and human behavior. Big companies like General Electric and IBM that employ scientists in many disciplines typically have the skills and scale t
47、o tackle such projects.31 In his book Christensen comes to the conclusion that _.（A）business people are more innovative than government officials（B） all kinds of changes are disruptive activities in some sense（C） the dilemma of any innovation is its disruptive nature（D）small businesses are more crea
48、tive than large companies32 Due to the complicated circumstances, a single innovation _.（A）will stimulate a chain of other innovations in related fields（B） should fit into a network of changes to become more effective（C） should meet economic challenges to assume social significance（D）can never solve
49、 any problem but only serves to complicate it33 In the authors opinion, Obamas approach to the health and energy problem _.（A）is a doomed endeavor at its very beginning（B） typically illustrates the complexity of the situation（C） lacks a proper vision though effective in a short term（D）shows why large organizations are less innovative34 Big companies have the advantage of _.（A）making complex networks work in
