1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 299 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 Two years ago, Rupert Murdochs daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions“. Integrity had coll
2、apsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism“ in society should be profit and the market. But “its us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit“.Driving her point home, she continued: “It s increasingly apparent that the absence
3、 of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.“ This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it ha
4、d with widespread illegal telephone hacking.As the hacking trial concludesfinding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands.
5、Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many res
6、pects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never i
7、nquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In todays world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organisations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the co
8、llective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairnes
9、s, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had susp
10、icions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructionnor received traceable, recorded answers.1 According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by（A）the consequences of the current sorting mechanism.（B） companies financial loss due to immoral
11、practices.（C） governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.（D）the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.2 It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that（A）Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime.（B） more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.（C） Andy Coulson should be held innoce
12、nt of the charge.（D）phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.3 The author believes that Rebekah Brooks s defence（A）revealed a cunning personality.（B） centered on trivial issues.（C） was hardly convincing.（D）was part of a conspiracy.4 The author holds that the current collective doctrine sh
13、ows（A）generally distorted values.（B） unfair wealth distribution.（C） a marginalized lifestyle.（D）a rigid moral code.5 Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?（A）The quality of writing is of primary importance.（B） Common humanity is central to news reporting.（C） Moral awareness matte
14、rs in editing a newspaper.（D）Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.5 In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada , Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue colo
15、r of the assistants sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldnt be more out of date or at odds with the feverish world described in Overdre
16、ssed, Elizabeth Cline s three-year indictment of “fast fashion“. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H her example can t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment
17、including H people will only start shopping more sustainably when they cant afford not to.6 Priestly criticizes her assistant for her（A）poor bargaining skill.（B） insensitivity to fashion.（C） obsession with high fashion.（D）lack of imagination.7 According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to
18、（A）combat unnecessary waste.（B） shut out the feverish fashion world.（C） resist the influence of advertisements.（D）shop for their garments more frequently.8 The word “indictment“(Para. 2)is closest in meaning to（A）accusation.（B） enthusiasm.（C） indifference.（D）tolerance.9 Which of the following can be
19、 inferred from the last paragraph?（A）Vanity has more often been found in idealists.（B） The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.（C） People are more interested in unaffordable garments.（D）Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.10 What is the subject of the text?（A）Satire on an ex
20、travagant lifestyle.（B） Challenge to a high-fashion myth.（C） Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.（D）Exposure of a mass-market secret.10 While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly suscept
21、ible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,“ according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New Yorks Veteran s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females u
22、nder stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries(the female reproductive organs)removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman s increased d
23、ose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities“ for stress. “It s not necessarily that women don t cope as well. It s just that they have so much more to cope with,“ says Dr. Yehuda “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men s,“ she observes, “its just that theyre
24、dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.“Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat s
25、tress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer
26、 relationships can be quite devastating.“Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.“ Later, her m
27、arriage ended and she became a single mother. “It s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.“Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today
28、are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.11 Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?（A）Wo
29、men are biologically more vulnerable to stress.（B） Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.（C） Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.（D）Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.12 Dr. Yehudas research suggests that women（A）need extra doses of c
30、hemicals to handle stress.（B） have limited capacity for tolerating stress.（C） are more capable of avoiding stress.（D）are exposed to more stress.13 According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be（A）domestic and temporary.（B） irregular and violent.（C） durable and frequent.（D）trivial an
31、d random.14 The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.“(Para. 5)shows that（A）Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.（B） Alvarez s salary barely covered her household expenses.（C） Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.（D）Alvarez paid practically everything by check.15 Which of the fol
32、lowing would be the best title for the text?（A）Strain of Stress: No Way Out?（B） Responses to Stress: Gender Difference（C） Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say（D）Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress15 In order to “change lives for the better“ and reduce “dependency“, George Osborne, Chancellor of the
33、 Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search“ scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV, register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefitand then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?More a
34、pparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseekers allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on,“ he claimed. “Were doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get in
35、to work faster“ Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms“ to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. What motivated h
36、im, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness“protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting: you don t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospe
37、ct of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life.
38、Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependencypermanent dependency if you can get itsupported by a state only t
39、oo ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if t
40、he disaster happens. Even the very phrase “jobseekers allowance“ is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker“ who had no fundamental right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,“ conditional
41、on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.16 George Osborne s scheme was intended to（A）provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits.（B） encourage jobseekers active engagement in job seeking.（C） motivate the unemployed to
42、 report voluntarily.（D）guarantee jobseekers legitimate right to benefits.17 The phrase “to sign on“(Para. 2)most probably means（A）to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre.（B） to accept the governments restrictions on the allowance.（C） to register for an allowance from the government.（D）
43、to attend a governmental job-training program.18 What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?（A）A desire to secure a better life for all.（B） An eagerness to protect the unemployed.（C） An urge to be generous to the claimants.（D）A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.19 According to Paragra
44、ph 3, being unemployed makes one feel（A）uneasy.（B） enraged.（C） insulted.（D）guilty.20 To which of the following would the author most probably agree?（A）The British welfare system indulges jobseekers laziness.（B） Osborne s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.（C） The jobseekers allowance has m
45、et their actual needs.（D）Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 299 答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)【知识模块】 阅读1 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 细节题。根据关键词定位到第一、二段。第一段伊丽莎白谈到了“我们很多机构都面临着令人沮丧的诚信丧失”。接
46、下来第二句指出这是因为大家普遍认为社会中唯一的分类机制应该是利益和市场。而根据第一段最后一句可知，她认为“这是我们人类、是我们这样的人创造我们想要的社会，而不应该是利益”。可见，伊丽莎白很不认可目前的这种分类机制以及所造成的不良后果，这也正是她感到沮丧的原因。故 A 项为正确答案。B 项“公司由于道德操守产生了财政损失 ”，C 项“政府在道德问题上的无能为力”，D 项“各大机构广泛存在的诚信误用”均不符合题意，故排除。【知识模块】 阅读2 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 推断题。根据关键词定位到第三段。第三段第一句指出，安迪库尔森由于密谋窃听电话而被判决有罪，然而他的前任却被判决无罪。通过这一事
47、件，作者得出由此造成的道德沦丧问题依然广泛存在，即仍然存在一些人没有被判决有罪。接着文章指出记者们由于已经窃听多达 5 500 人的电话而被人们熟知其他人在等待审判，由此可以推出，将会有更多的记者因为窃听电话而被判决有罪。故正确答案为 B 项。A 项“格伦穆尔凯尔可能会否认窃听电话是犯罪”C 项“安迪 库尔森应该在指控中被判决无罪”和 D 项“电话窃听在某些特定场合是可以被接受的 ”，均不符合题意。【知识模块】 阅读3 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 细节题。根据关键词定位到第四段。根据该段末句“她成功辩护的核心是她什么也不知道”可知，作者对该案的审判持否定态度。并且作者在该段第一句话中指出，丧
48、失道德目的不仅体现在如此普遍的电话窃听这一事实上，也体现在审判发生的条件上，其中最震惊的就是对利百加布鲁克斯的审判。因此，作者认为她的辩护是不可信的。故正确答案为 C 项。 A 项“揭露了一个狡猾的人品”，B 项“聚焦于琐碎的小事”和 D 项“是一个阴谋的一部分 ”均不符合题意。【知识模块】 阅读4 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 推断题。根据关键词定位到第五段。该段第三句指出“社会的分类机制应该是利润”第四句说明，那些真正起作用的是那些表示利益的词如“效率、灵活性”，而“被退化到边缘的词语是公正、公平”，可见这种信条只关注利益，而忽略了公平与正义，这显然是一种扭曲的价值观。故 A 项为正确答案
49、。B 项“财富分配不公”，C 项“一种边缘化的生活方式”和 D 项“一种严肃的道德标准”均不符合题意。【知识模块】 阅读5 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 推断题。根据关键词定位到最后一段。作者在最后一段前两句话指出“编辑世界新闻的目的不是为了促进读者的理解，也不是为了在所写的内容中追求公平或者违背任何共同的人性，而是为了通过追求发行量和影响力而破坏人们的生活”，即文章从一开始就指出的一个问题，为了追求利益而造成了诚信的丧失。从 ruin 一词可以看出，作者对记者的这一行为持否定态度。并且通过布鲁克斯女士的行为加以佐证。作者通过正话反说的方式突出新闻报道过程中诚信的重要性。故正确答案为 C 项，其中 moral awareness 和 integrity 是同义互换。A 项“写作质量是最重要的”，B 项“共同的人性是新闻报道的核心”和 D 项“记者需要更加严格的产业条例”，均不符合题意。【知识模块】 阅读【知识模块】 阅读6 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 细节题。根据关键词定位到第一段，scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that highfashion doesnt affect her 意为
