1、考研英语（二）-试卷 100及答案解析(总分：136.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_If I ask you what constitutes “bad“ eating, the kind that leads to obesity and a va
2、riety of connected diseases, youre likely to answer, “Salt, fat and sugar.“ Yet thats not a(n)【C1】_ answer. We dont know everything about the dietary【C2】_ to chronic disease, but the best-qualified people argue that real food is more likely to promote health and less likely to cause disease than hyp
3、er-processed food. And we can further【C3】_ that message: Minimally processed foodReal Foodshould【C4】_ our diets. Real food solves the salt / fat / sugar problem. Yes, excess salt may cause high blood pressure, and【C5】_ sodium intake in people with high blood pressure helps. 【C6】_ salt is only one of
4、 several risk factors in developing high blood pressure, and those who eat a diverse diet and few processed foods need not【C7】_ about salt intake. “Fat“ is a complicated topic. Most naturally occurring fats are probably essential, but too much of some fats seems【C8】_. Eat real food【C9】_ your fat int
5、ake will probably be fine. “Sugar“ has come to【C10】_ the entire group of processed, nutritionally worthless caloric sweeteners. All appear to be damaging because theyre added sugars, as【C11】_ to naturally occurring ones.【C12】_: Sugar is not the only enemy. The enemy is hyper-processed food,【C13】_ su
6、gar. We know that eating real food is a general solution, but a large part of our dietary problems might【C14】_ from the consumption of caloric sweeteners and / or hyper-processed carbohydrate. For example, how to limit the intake of sugar? A soda tax is a(n) 【C15】_, proper labeling would be helpful,
7、 andquite possibly most important, 【C16】_ its going to take us a generation or two to get out of this messrestrictions【C17】_ marketing sweet “food“ to children. Theres no reason to【C18】_ action on those kinds of moves. But lets get the science straight so that firm,【C19】_, sound recommendations can
8、be made【C20】_ the best possible evidence. And meanwhile, lets also get the simple message straight: Its “Eat Real Food.“（分数：40.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.possibleB.adequateC.familiarD.insufficient(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.joinsB.controlC.linksD.integrations(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.refineB.inferC.updateD.shorten(4).【C
9、4】（分数：2.00）A.decideB.replaceC.changeD.dominate(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.loweringB.balancingC.increasingD.stopping(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.IndeedB.StillC.UnlessD.But(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.thinkB.complainC.askD.worry(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.meaningfulB.harmfulC.stressfulD.helpful(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.soB.orC.andD.if(10).【C10】（
10、分数：2.00）A.revealB.representC.reserveD.release(11).【C11】（分数：2.00）A.similarB.averseC.opposedD.objected(12).【C12】（分数：2.00）A.In sumB.As a resultC.For instanceD.What s more(13).【C13】（分数：2.00）A.includingB.exceptC.excludingD.like(14).【C14】（分数：2.00）A.dateB.differC.refrainD.stem(15).【C15】（分数：2.00）A.endB.star
11、tC.exceptionD.warning(16).【C16】（分数：2.00）A.althoughB.whenC.whileD.because(17).【C17】（分数：2.00）A.toB.onC.forD.in(18).【C18】（分数：2.00）A.delayB.takeC.abandonD.give(19).【C19】（分数：2.00）A.convincingB.inspiringC.interestingD.exciting(20).【C20】（分数：2.00）A.because ofB.based onC.connected withD.thanks to二、Reading Co
12、mprehensio(总题数：10，分数：52.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._What would make a smoker more likely to quit, a big reward for succeeding or a little penalty for failing? That is what rese
13、archers wanted to know when they assigned a large group of CVS employees (CVS Caremark is the countrys largest drugstore chain by sales), their relatives and friends to different smoking cessation programs. “Adding a bit of a stick was much better than a pure carrot. These large employers are spendi
14、ng an average of $800 to $900 per employee per year, but in ways that are often blind to normal human psychology“ said Dr. Scott Halpern, who led the study. The trial was intended to change that. Researchers randomly assigned the participants to a number of program options and let them decide whethe
15、r they wanted to participate. The penalty program required participants to deposit $150; six months later, those who had quit smoking would get the deposit back, along with a $650 reward. In the reward-only program, participants were simply offered an $800 payment if they stayed off cigarettes for s
16、ix months. The trial, which was described in The New England Journal of Medicine on Wednesday, was the largest yet to test whether offering people financial incentives could lead to better health. Researchers found that offering incentives was far more effective in getting people to stop smoking tha
17、n the traditional approach of giving free smoking cessation help, such as counseling or nicotine replacement therapy like gum, medication or patches. But they also found that requiring a $150 deposit that would be lost if the person failed to stay off cigarettes for six months nearly doubled the cha
18、nces of success. “This is an original set of findings,“ said Cass R. Sunstein, a Harvard law professor who helped develop some influential ideas in the field of behavioral economics, notably that if the social environment can be changedfor example, by posting simple warningspeople can be nudged into
19、 better behavior. “They could be applied to many health issues, like alcoholism, or whenever people face serious self-control problems.“ Over all, success eluded most of the study participants. More than 80 percent of smokers in the most popular pure rewards group were still smoking at the end of th
20、e study. Even so, researchers say, their success rate was far greater than for those who got the traditional treatment. Smoking is the largest cause of preventable death in the United States. Diseases linked to it kill more than 480,000 Americans a year. And even a small decline could have a big hea
21、lth effect.（分数：10.00）(1).The underlined word “that“ in Paragraph 2 refers to the situation that_.（分数：2.00）A.using a carrot is worse than using a stickB.the spending on physical examination is lessC.employers ignore normal human psychology of their staffD.large companies put too much money in their e
22、mployees(2).Researchers found that the most effective smoking cessation approach was to_.（分数：2.00）A.provide incentivesB.give penalty for failingC.offer consultation servicesD.provide nicotine replacement therapy(3).According to Cass R. Sunstein, the findings of the study can be used in the following
23、 fields EXCEPT the field of_.（分数：2.00）A.warningsB.alcoholismC.health problemsD.self-control issues(4).It is implied from the last paragraph that offering financial incentives in the study_.（分数：2.00）A.could get the highest success rateB.changed 20 percent of smokersC.might bring public health benefit
24、sD.made most participants quit smoking(5).The most appropriate title for this passage would be_.（分数：2.00）A.Can Carrot or Stick Better Help Smokers Quit?B.Is Smoking Cessation Programs Effective in CVS?C.Is Pure Rewards Group more Popular than Part Penalty Group?D.Can Traditional Smoking Cessation Tr
25、eatment Lead to Better Health?Nationally, an ageing population is a problem. But locally it can be a boon. The over-50s control 80% of Britains wealth, and like to spend it on houses and high-street shopping. The young “generation rent“, by contrast, is poor, distractible and liable to shop online.
26、People aged between 50 and 74 spend twice as much as the under-30s on cinema tickets. Between 2000 and 2010 restaurant spending by those aged 65-74 increased by 33%, while the under-30s spent 18% less. And while the young still struggle to find work, older people are retiring later. During the finan
27、cial crisis full-time employment fell for every age group but the over-65s, and there has been a rash of older entrepreneurs. Pensioners also support the working population by volunteering: some 100 retirees in Christchurch help out as business mentors. Even if they wanted to, most small towns and c
28、ities could not capture the cool kids. Mobile young professionals cluster, and greatly prefer to cluster in London. Even supposed meccas like Manchester are ageing: clubs in that city are becoming members-only. Towns that aim too young, like Bracknell and Chippenham, can find their high streets full
29、 of closed La Senzas (a lingerie chain) and struggling tattoo parlours. Companies often lag behind local authorities in working this out. They are London-obsessed, and have been slow to appreciate the growing economic heft of the oldwho are assumed, often wrongly, to stick with products they learned
30、 to love in their youth. But Caroyln Freeman of Revelation Marketing reckons Britain could be on the verge of a marketing surge directed at the grey pound, “similar to what we saw with the pink“. The window will not remain open forever: soon the baby boomers will start to ail, and no one else alive
31、today is likely to have such a rich retirement. Meanwhile, with the over-50s holding the purse strings, the towns that draw them are likely to grow more and more pleasant. Decent restaurants and nice shops spring up in the favoured haunts of the old, just as they do in the trendy, revamped boroughs
32、of London. Latimer House, a Christchurch furniture store full of retro clothing and 1940s music, would not look out of place in Hackney. Improved high streets then entice customers of all ages. Indeed, gentrification and gerontification can look remarkably similar. Old folk and young hipsters are si
33、milarly fond of vinyl and typewriters, and wander about in outsized spectacles. Some people never lose their edge.（分数：10.00）(1).The ageing population can be locally a boon in Britain in that_.（分数：2.00）A.old folks hold 80% of Britain s wealthB.older people spend more money on high-street shoppingC.ol
34、der people tend to buy big houses than rent housesD.the elderly like shopping online(2).Compared with the under-30s, older people_.（分数：2.00）A.have stronger purchasing powerB.retire earlier during the financial crisisC.are liable to be entrepreneursD.make more money by working as business mentors(3).
35、We can learn that most small towns and cities_.（分数：2.00）A.easily capture a cluster of young professionalsB.attract high concentrations of youth to local clubsC.should change the position that aims too youngD.vigorously develop tattoo parlous(4).According to Caroyln Freeman of Revelation Marketing,_.
36、（分数：2.00）A.the old stick with products they learned to love in their youthB.the baby boomers also favour pink as we seeC.the grey market will not grow foreverD.Britain will have a marketing surge aiming at old folks(5).It can be inferred that Hackney is a borough_.（分数：2.00）A.with retro styleB.with t
37、rendy atmosphereC.playing 1940s musicD.mainly selling furnitureJust as each wedding creates potential business for divorce lawyers, so each engagement gives insurers a chance to drum up business. Future spouses, says Alan Tuvin of Travelers, an insurer, may wish to protect themselves against somethi
38、ng going wrong on the wedding day. It is unlikely that your intended wife will leave on horseback, as Julia Roberts did in “Runaway Bride“, and most insurers wouldnt cover that anyway. But you never know what might happen. Mr. Tuvin launched the firm s wedding-insurance business; he and his wife wer
39、e its first clients. A typical American wedding costs 25,000 or so. This has fallen a bit over the past quarter-century but still seems lavish given how tight American belts are these days. Weddings are pricey because the rich are more likely to marry than the poor, and the average age of newlyweds
40、has gone up, so couples are more prosperous when they eventually tie the knot. High prices, and the fact that many venues require couples to take out liability insurance, feed demand for wedding insurance. A fifth of couples buy it, says the Wedding Report, a trade publication. Wedding insurance beg
41、an in Britain: Cornhill, an insurer, wrote its first policy in 1988. But there were few takers. The idea only took off once transplanted to America. In the early days, says Mr. Nuccio of Robert Nuccio of Wedsure, an surer, there were incidents of couples faking engagements to collect a payout. Since
42、 then, most policies have a clause that excludes “change of heart“. Wedsure does insure against cold feet, but its policy will pay out only if the wedding is cancelled more than 12 months before it is due to take place, thereby guarding against fiances phoning the broker once the relationship is alr
43、eady on the rocks. This does not mean policies are useless. Common causes of payouts include the venue or caterers going bust after having taken a big deposit. Extreme weather, a spouse being deployed by the armed forces and an absent priest can all trigger payouts. Most policies will pay to re-stag
44、e the photos if the photographer fails to turn up or disappears with the pictures. For some, even a small risk of something going wrong on a day that has been planned for months is worth paying to avoid. Who says romance is dead?（分数：10.00）(1).The example of Julia Roberts is used to show that _ .（分数：
45、2.00）A.anything can happen on the wedding dayB.each engagement gives insurers a chance to profitC.suddenness like that is easy to happen during the weddingD.most wedding insurers will cover things like that(2).Which of the following cannot explain the development of wedding insurance?（分数：2.00）A.High
46、er prices of weddings.B.More liability insurance required.C.The newlyweds getting older.D.More demand for wedding insurance.(3).Wedsures policy against cold feet will pay out on condition that _.（分数：2.00）A.the fiances are due to break upB.the fiances relationship is already on the rocksC.the wedding
47、 is cancelled when it is due to take placeD.the wedding is cancelled more than one year in advance(4).Common causes of payouts exclude that_.（分数：2.00）A.caterers go bankruptB.a spouse changes the heartC.the priest is not presentD.the photographer vanishes(5).The authors attitude towards wedding insur
48、ance is_.（分数：2.00）A.criticalB.neutralC.approvedD.indifferentThe mythology of a culture Gan provide some vital insights into the beliefs and values of that culture. By using fantastic and sometimes incredible stories to create an oral tradition by which to explain the wonders of the natural world and teach lessons to younger generations, a society exposes those ideas and concepts held most important. Just as important as the final
