1、Aryl Halides Ar-XOrganic compounds with a halogen atom attached to an aromatic carbon are very different from those compounds where the halogen is attached to an aliphatic compound. While the aliphatic compounds readily undergo nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions, the aromatic compou
2、nds resist nucleophilic substitution, only reacting under severe conditions or when strongly electron withdrawing groups are present ortho/para to the halogen.,Aryl halides, syntheses: From diazonium saltsAr-N2+ + CuCl Ar-ClAr-N2+ + CuBr Ar-BrAr-N2+ + KI Ar-IAr-N2+ + HBF4 Ar-F HalogenationAr-H + X2,
3、 Lewis acid Ar-X + HXX2 = Cl2, Br2Lewis acid = FeCl3, AlCl3, BF3, Fe,reactions of alkyl halides Ar-X SN2 NR E2 NR organo metallic compounds similar reduction similar,Bond Lengths () CCl CBr CH3X 1.77 1.91 C2H5X 1.77 1.91 sp3 (CH3)3CX 1.80 1.92 CH2=CHX 1.69 1.86 C6H5X 1.69 1.86,sp2,In aryl halides, t
4、he carbon to which the halogen is attached is sp2 hybrizided. The bond is stronger and shorter than the carbon-halogen bond in aliphatic compounds where the carbon is sp3 hybridized. Hence it is more difficult to break this bond and aryl halides resist the typical nucleophilic substitution reactions
5、 of alkyl halides. The same is true of vinyl halides where the carbon is also sp2 hybridized and not prone to nucleophilic substitution. In a manner analogous to the phenols & alcohols, we have the same functional group in the two families, aryl halides and alkyl halides, but very different chemistr
6、ies.,Aryl halides, reactions: Formation of Grignard reagent EAS Nucleophilic aromatic substitution (bimolecular displacement)(Ar must contain strongly electron withdrawing groups ortho and/or para to X) Nucleophilic aromatic substitution (elimination-addition)(Ring not activated to bimolecular displ
7、acement),1) Grignard reagent,EAS The X group is electron-withdrawing and deactivating in EAS, but is an ortho/para director.,Nucleophilic aromatic substitution (bimolecular displacement)Ar must contain strongly electron withdrawing groups ortho and/or para to the X.,bimolecular displacement (nucleop
8、hilic aromatic substitution) mechanism:,evidence for the bimolecular displacement mechanism:no element effect : Ar-I Ar-Br Ar-Cl Ar-F (the CX bond is not broken in the RDS),Elimination-Addition, nucleophilic aromatic substitution.When the ring is not activated to the bimolecular displacement and the nucleophile is an extremely good one.,Elimination-Addition mechanism (nucleophilic aromatic substitution),While the concept of “benzyne” may appear to be strange, there is much evidence that this mechanism is correct.,benzyne intermediate has been trapped in a Diels-Alder condensation:,
