1、Chapter 18: Granitoid Rocks,“Granitoids” (sensu lato): loosely applied to a wide range of felsic plutonic rocks Focus on non-continental arc intrusives Continental arcs covered in Chapter 17 Associated volcanics are common and have same origin, but are typically eroded away,Chapter 18: Granitoid Roc
2、ks,A few broad generalizations: 1) Most granitoids of significant volume occur in areas where the continental crust has been thickened by orogeny, either continental arc subduction or collision of sialic masses. Many granites, however, may post-date the thickening event by tens of millions of years.
3、 2) Because the crust is solid in its normal state, some thermal disturbance is required to form granitoids 3) Most workers are of the opinion that the majority of granitoids are derived by crustal anatexis, but that the mantle may also be involved. The mantle contribution may range from that of a s
4、ource of heat for crustal anatexis, or it may be the source of material as well,Chapter 18: Granitoid Rocks,Figure 18.1. Backscattered electron image of a zircon from the Strontian Granite, Scotland. The grain has a rounded, un-zoned core (dark) that is an inherited high-temperature non-melted cryst
5、al from the pre-granite source. The core is surrounded by a zoned epitaxial igneous overgrowth rim, crystallized from the cooling granite. From Paterson et al. (1992), Trans. Royal. Soc. Edinburgh. 83, 459-471. Also Geol. Soc. Amer. Spec. Paper, 272, 459-471.,Chapter 18: Granitoid Rocks,Table 18.1.
6、Didier, J. and Barbarin (1991) The different type of enclaves in granites: Nomenclature. In J. Didier and B. Barbarin (1991) (eds.), Enclaves in Granite Petrology. Elsevier. Amsterdam, pp. 19-23.,Table 18.2. Representative Chemical Analyses of Selected Granitoid Types. From Winter (2001) An Introduc
7、tion to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,Figure 18.2. Alumina saturation classes based on the molar proportions of Al2O3/(CaO+Na2O+K2O) (“A/CNK”) after Shand (1927). Common non-quartzo-feldspathic minerals for each type are included. After Clarke (1992). Granitoid Rocks. Chapman Hal
8、l.,Chapter 18: Granitoid Rocks,Figure 18.3. The Ab-Or-Qtz system with the ternary cotectic curves and eutectic minima from 0.1 to 3 GPa. Included is the locus of most granite compositions from Figure 11-2 (shaded) and the plotted positions of the norms from the analyses in Table 18-2. Note the effec
9、ts of increasing pressure and the An, B, and F contents on the position of the thermal minima. From Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,Chapter 18: Granitoid Rocks,Figure 18.4. MORB-normalized spider diagrams for the analyses in Table 18-2 . From Winter
10、 (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,Chapter 18: Granitoid Rocks,Figure 18-5. a. Simplified P-T phase diagram and b. quantity of melt generated during the melting of muscovite-biotite-bearing crustal source rocks, after Clarke (1992) Granitoid Rocks. Chapman H
11、all, London; and Vielzeuf and Holloway (1988) Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 98, 257-276. Shaded areas in (a) indicate melt generation. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,Chapter 18: Granitoid Rocks,Chapter 18: Granitoid Rocks,Table 18.4. A Classification
12、of Granitoid Rocks Based on Tectonic Setting. After Pitcher (1983) in K. J. Hs (ed.), Mountain Building Processes, Academic Press, London; Pitcher (1993), The Nature and Origin of Granite, Blackie, London; and Barbarin (1990) Geol. Journal, 25, 227-238. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and M
13、etamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,Table 18.4. A Classification of Granitoid Rocks Based on Tectonic Setting. After Pitcher (1983) in K. J. Hs (ed.), Mountain Building Processes, Academic Press, London; Pitcher (1993), The Nature and Origin of Granite, Blackie, London; and Barbarin (1990) Geol. Jo
14、urnal, 25, 227-238. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,Chapter 18: Granitoid Rocks,Figure 18.6. A simple modification of Figure 16-17 showing the effect of subducting a slab of continental crust, which causes the dip of the subducted plate to shallow a
15、s subduction ceases and the isotherms begin to “relax” (return to a steady-state value). Thickened crust, whether created by underthrusting (as shown) or by folding or flow, leads to sialic crust at depths and temperatures sufficient to cause partial melting. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous
16、 and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,Chapter 18: Granitoid Rocks,Figure 18.7. Schematic cross section of the Himalayas showing the dehydration and partial melting zones that produced the leucogranites. After France-Lanord and Le Fort (1988) Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, 79, 183-195. Winter (2001
17、) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,Figure 18.8. Schematic models for the uplift and extensional collapse of orogenically thickened continental crust. Subduction leads to thickened crust by either continental collision (a1) or compression of the continental arc (a2
18、), each with its characteristic orogenic magmatism. Both mechanisms lead to a thickened crust, and probably thickened mechanical and thermal boundary layers (“MBL” and “TBL”) as in (b) Following the stable situation in (b), either compression ceases (c1) or the thick dense thermal boundary layer is
19、removed by delamination or convective erosion (c2). The result is extension and collapse of the crust, thinning of the lithosphere, and rise of hot asthenosphere (d). The increased heat flux in (d), plus the decompression melting of the rising asthenosphere, results in bimodal post-orogenic magmatis
20、m with both mafic mantle and silicic crustal melts. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,Chapter 18: Granitoid Rocks,Figure 18.9. Examples of granitoid discrimination diagrams used by Pearce et al. (1984, J. Petrol., 25, 956-983) with the granitoids of Table 18-2 plotted. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,
