1、考研数学一-高等数学函数、极限、连续(三)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Attempts to understand the relationship between social behavior and health have their origin in history. Dubos (1969) suggested that primitive humans were closer to the animals (1) they, too, reliedupon their instinc
2、ts to stay healthy. Yet some primitive humans (2) a cause and effect relationship between doing certain things and alleviating (3) of a disease or (4) the condition of a wound. (5) there was so much that primitive humans did not (6) the functioning of the body, magic became an integral component oft
3、he beliefs about the causes and cures of heath (7) Therefore it is not (8) that early humans thought that illness was caused (9) evil spirit. Primitive medicines made from vegetables or animals were invariably used in combination with some form of ritual to (10) harmful spirit from a diseased body.O
4、ne of the. earliest (11) in the Western world to formulate principles of health care based upon rational thought and (12) of supernatural phenomena is found in the work of the Greek physician Hippocrates. The writing (13) to him has provided a number of principles underiying modern medical practice.
5、 One of his most famous (14) , the Hippocratic Oath, is the foundation of contemporary medical ethics.Hippocrates also argued that medical knowledge should be derived from a (15) of the natural science and the logic of cause and effect relationships. In this (16) thesis, On Air, Water, and Places, H
6、ippocrates pointed out that human well-being is (17) by the totality of environmental (18) : living habits or lifestyle, climate, geography of the land, and the quality of air, and food. (19) enough, concerns about our health and the quality of air, water, and places are (20) very much written in tw
7、entieth century.（分数：10.00）(1).A in that B now that C because D so that（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A identified B recognized C admitted D esteemed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A symbols B signs C symptoms D syndromes（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A arranging B adjusting C developing D improving（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A While B A
8、lthough C Provided D Since（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A confirm B appreciate C tolerate D discover（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A damages B agitation C disorders D collapse（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A surprising B obvious C promising D unwise（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A in B by C off D up（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A discharge B exc
9、lude C dismiss D expel（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A expedition B incentives C stimuli D endeavors（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A foundation B rejection C integration D acceptance（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A attributed B committed C acknowledged D confined（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A attractions B subscriptions C contributi
10、ons D functions（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A creation B expectation C perception D preference（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A durable B classic C thorough D immediate（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A impressed B surpassed C influenced D regarded（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A elements B factors C components D deposits（分数：0.50）A.B.C
11、.D.(19).A Interesting B Appealing C Demanding D Exaggerating（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A even B indeed C still D moreover（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The increase in global trade means that international companies cannot afford to make
12、 costly advertising mistakes if they want to be competitive.Understanding the language and culture of target markets in foreign countries is one of the keys to successful international marketing. Too many companies, however, have jumped into foreign markets with embarrassing results.Translation mist
13、akes are at the heart of many blunders in international advertising.General Motors, the US auto manufacturer, got a costly lesson when it introduced its Chevrolet Nova to the Puerto Rican market. “Nova“ is Latin for “new (star)“ and means “star“ in many languages, but in spoken Spanish it can sound
14、like “nova“, meaning “it doesnt go“. Few people wanted to buy a car with that cursed meaning. When GM changed the name to Caribe, sales “picked up“ dramatically.Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage companies. One American food companys friendly “Jolly Green Giant“ (for adverti
15、sing vegetables) became something quite different when it was translated into Arabic as “Intimidating Green Ogre“.When translated into German, Pepsis popular slogan, “Come Alive with Pepsi“ came out implying “Come Alive from the Grave“. No wonder customers in Germany didnt rush out to buy Pepsi.Succ
16、essful international marketing doesnt stop with good translationsother aspects of culture must be researched and understood if marketers are to avoid blunders.When marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture, the
17、y fail to capture their target market.For example, an American designer tried to introduce a new perfume into the Latin American market but the product aroused little interest. The main reason was that the camellia used in it was traditionally used for funerals in many South American countries.Havin
18、g awakened to the special nature of foreign advertising, companies are becoming much more conscientious in their translations and more sensitive to cultural distinctions.The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional translators who understand the target language and its idiomatic usage, or
19、to use a technique called “back translation“ to reduce the possibility of blunders.The process used one person to translate a message into the target language and another to translate it back. Effective translators aim to capture the overall message of an advertisement because a word-for-word duplic
20、ation of the original rarely conveys the intended meaning and often causes misunderstandings.In designing advertisements for other countries, messages need to be short and simple.They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part of the world may not be so humorous in another.（
21、分数：10.00）(1).The best title of this passage might be_.A. Culture Is Very Important in AdvertisingB. Avoid Cultural Misunderstanding between NationsC. Overcome Cultural Sock in Different CountriesD. Advertisements Reflect Various Life Styles（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What does the word “blunder“ mean in th
22、is passage?A. hesitation B. mistake C. stutter D. default（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following statements can be used to summarize the gist from Paragraph 3 to Paragraph 6?A. Cultural shocks B. Faulty translationsC. Avoid cultural oversights D. Prevent blunders（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).We can learn
23、 from the context in Paragraph 9 that the word “camellia“ most probably mean_.A. an animal used in perfume for its smellB. a piece of fabric used both in perfume and at funeralsC. a flower used in perfume for its fragrance and used for funeralsD. an ornament used in perfume and at funerals（分数：2.00）A
24、.B.C.D.(5).One way to prevent errors in advertising in different countries is to_.A. fire the translators who dont know the target languageB. use the technique called “literal translation“ to reduce the possibility of blundersC. avoid cultural oversights and avoid certain jokesD. explain in details
25、when designing advertisement for other countries（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)My dictionary defines subtle as “not immediately obvious; characterized by skill or ingenuity; clever; elusive; even insidious.“ Let us look at some concrete instances of this. (The very word itself is an exampl
26、e, as the letter“ b“ is silent in pronunciation.)“Language can be straight-forward and directly to the point, but sometimes that takes the fun out of it. On occasion, at least, one appreciates subtletiesoften as the mark of a quick wit. This particularly is true of jokes that generally have a double
27、 meaning. For example: Awaitress received only three pennies for a tip. Nonplussed, she told the customer that those three pennies told a lot about him. He took the bait and asked what they revealed. “The first penny,“ she said, “tells me you are thrifty.“ The patron agreed. “what does the second pe
28、nny say?“ asked the customer. “It tells me youre a bachelor.“ “Right again,“ he replied, “And what does the third penny tell you?“ “The third penny,“ responded the waitress, “tells me your daddy was a bachelor, too.“ Hows that for a subtle punishment?Subtleties also can be used on occasion for a goo
29、d putdown. For instance, one can say a certain man was a big gun of industry. “Yes,“ is the counter, “he was fired several times.“ In this category was Mark Twain s caustic time bomb: “He was a good manin the worst sense of the term.“In our day of political correctness (sometimes called the tyranny
30、of the minority), police seldom talk about suspects, but only about“ persons of interest.“ I guess law enforcement does not want another lawsuit on its hands. Then, too, with the campaign against fat and fried foods, Kentucky Fried Chicken calls itself KFC, figuring that few will think of “fried“ th
31、at way.The meaning of a word or phrase seems to change more rapidly today and unless one is “with it“, a faux pas (失礼) can be committed. Such is the case with the term, “an exceptional child.“ Way back when, one would think that referred to an especially bright youngster, whereas today it indicates
32、a handicapped youth. So, too, the word “primitive“ virtually has been erased from our language and replaced with “earlier culture“ and Indians are known as Native Americans.The world of advertising is a master at subtleties with which it hopes to bamboozle (欺骗) the customer. For instance, when asked
33、 how much a gallon of gasoline costs, the reply might be something like $2.25. Yet, one must add a penny to that as a 9/10 follows the price, making it, in effect, $2.26. Cereal prices have skyrocketed over the years, but some companies claim to have held the line by keeping the price the same. What
34、 many do, however, is reduce the number of ounces in the package.I leave the reader with the truism that subtlety, not brevity, is the soul of wit. Use it to win friends and influence people.（分数：10.00）(1).By saying “the letter b is silent in pronunciation“, the author wants to indicate that _A One s
35、hould not omit the letter when spelling the word.B This word is different from other words in pronunciation.C The meaning of the word can be illustrated by the word itself.D The meaning of the word is implied in the word itself.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to Paragraph 2, the waitress plays tricks
36、 on the patron by _A telling him the particular meanings of the three pennies.B informing him a pun which is intended to insult him indirectly.C using a double-meaning joke as a punishment for that few tips.D explaining to him the implied meaning of the three-pennies.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The underli
37、ned word “putdown“ (Line 1, Paragraph 3) most probably means _A a pun which can be interpreted in both positive and negative ways.B a tone-twisting joke which intends to make the hearer puzzled.C a response by understanding something deliberately in another way.D an indirect way of saying something
38、to make someone humiliated.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following has nothing to do with political correctness?A Police now seldom talk about “suspects“ but only about “persons of interest“.B Burger King rebrands “Whaler“ sandwich as “Big Fish“ with the campaign “Save the Whales“.C Kentucky Fri
39、ed Chicken calls itself KFC with the campaign against fat and fried foodsD “An exceptional child“ indicates a handicapped youth and Indians are known as Native Americans.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).We can infer from the text that the author describe the word “subtlety“ with _A ambiguity.B apprehension.C an
40、tipathy.D approval.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major prof
41、essional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typic
42、ally about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today s peopleespecially those born to families who have lived in the U. S. for many generations-apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they arent likely to get any taller. “In the general population to- day, at this genetic, envir
43、onmental level, weve pretty much gone as far as we can go,“ says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their in- crease in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, whi
44、ch rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrientsnotably, proteinto feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in heigh
45、t by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height59“ for men, 54“ for womenhasnt really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial he
46、ight. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and can- not easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “The
47、re are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,“ says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but dont expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in N
48、atick, Mass. , ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipmen
49、t, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use todays data and feel fairly confident./（分数：10.00）(1).Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example toA illustrate the change of height of NBA players.B show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S.C compare different generations of NBA players.D assess the achievements of famou
