1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 109 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 Sometimes you can know too much. The aim of screening healthy people for cancer is to discover tumors when they are small and treatable. It sounds lauda
2、ble and often it is. But it sometimes leads to unnecessary treatment. The body has a battery of mechanisms for stopping small tumors from becoming large ones. Treating those that would have been suppressed anyway does no good and can often be harmful.Take lung cancer. A report in this weeks Journal
3、of the American Medical Association, by Peter Bach of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Centre in New York and his colleagues, suggests that, despite much fanfare around the use of computed tomography(CT)to detect tumors in the lungs well before they cause symptoms, the test may not reduce the ris
4、k of dying from the disease at allindeed, it may make things worse.The story begins last year, when Claudia Henschke of Cornell University and her colleagues made headlines with a report that patients whose lung cancer had been diagnosed early by CT screening had excellent long-term survival prospec
5、ts. Her research suggested that 88% of patients could expect to be alive ten years after their diagnosis. Dr. Bach found similar results in a separate study. In his case, 94% of patients diagnosed with early-stage lung cancer were alive four years later.Survival data alone, though, fail to answer a
6、basic question: “compared with what?“ People are bound to live longer after their diagnosis if that diagnosis is made earlier. Early diagnosis is of little value unless it results in a better prognosis.Dr. Bach, therefore, interrogated his data more thoroughly. He used statistical models based on re
7、sults from studies of lung cancer that did not involve CT screening, to try to predict what would have happened to the individuals in his own study if they had not been part of that study The results were not encouraging.Screening did, indeed, detect more tumors. Over the course of five years, 144 c
8、ases of lung cancer were picked up in a population of 3,200, compared with a predicted number of 44. Despite these early diagnoses, though, there was no reduction in the number of people who went on to develop advanced cancer, nor a significant drop in the number who died of the disease(38, compared
9、 with a prediction of 39). Considering that early diagnosis prompted a tenfold increase in surgery aimed at removing the cancer(the predicted number of surgical interventions was 11; the actual number was 109), and that such surgery is unsafe5% of patients die and another 20-40% suffer serious compl
10、icationsthe whole process seems to make things worse.1 It is indicated in Paragraph 1 that_.（A）seeing is not always believing（B） healthy people also should always go to hospital for a cancer screening（C） through our own physiological system can we eradicate tumors（D）screening for lung cancer, to som
11、e extent, may do more harm than good2 The author quotes the example of Claudia Henschkes report in Paragraph 3 to_.（A）refute his statement in the Paragraphs 1 and 2（B） prove the fact that early screened patients can live longer（C） to pave the way for declaring that early diagnose doesnt help much（D）
12、to state cancers picked up by CT screening cause clinical disease3 In Paragraph 5, the underlined word “that study“ refers to_.（A）his own study（B） the study of cancer insulated from screening（C） the study involves screening（D）the study carried out by Claudia Henschke4 On which of the following would
13、 the author least probably agree?（A）The final word on CT screening for lung cancer will still have to wait.（B） Bach compared screened peoples data with what would have happened to be unscreened.（C） Early screening, to some extent, may not reduce the death rate from the disease.（D）We shouldnt resort
14、to surgery when screening detects our tumors.5 The authors attitude towards early screening for lung cancer is_.（A）satisfactory（B） disappointed（C） critical（D）objective5 Dreams are said to be the window to the mind. Through the study of dreams, we can catch glimpses into what our subconscious minds a
15、re thinking, or what is troubling us at our deepest levels. Not all dreams are the same, however, either in content or in meaning. In this respect, the study of bad dreams, nightmares, can yield interesting observations in regard to the mind and status of the dreamer. Indeed, nightmares appear to ha
16、ve been the subject of far more studies than more pleasant dreams, if for no other reason that while pleasant dreams are easily forgotten upon awakening, nightmares tend to linger in our minds is sufficient to demand attention.The sources of our dreams are most commonly attributed to factors in our
17、waking lives. Whether it be emotional challenges, stress in the workplace, relationship problems or a myriad of other possible factors, the thoughts and feelings created in our waking environments are believed to directly influence the content of our dreams. A particular dramatic or traumatic experi
18、ence during the day would no doubt be encountered again in some form or another during the night.Just as important as actual events in the determination of the content of our dreams are the preexisting beliefs that we hold. If we encounter some kind of phenomena in our dreams, it is very likely that
19、 we already believed in the possibility of the phenomena before the dream. For example, if someone dreams of being abducted by aliens, its very likely that, before the dream, he already believed in the existence of aliens. To the extent that dreams are direct reflections of our minds, they will refl
20、ect accurately what we believe and hold to be true.The way that we act in dreams bears consideration as well. Oftentimes, our behavior in our dreams reflects hidden desires for that type of behavior in our waking lives. Someone who dreams of revenge may actually desire revenge in real life, and like
21、wise someone who dreams of adventure night after night may be experiencing his mind playing out a desire for more excitement in his everyday life. While the items encountered in our dreams are of great importance in the analysis of dreams, it must be recognized and understood that the same item in t
22、wo different dreams can easily have entirely different meanings for the two dreamers. For example, a horse in the dreams of an avid equestrian can signify comfort and relaxation, whereas the same horse in the dreams of a hunter can represent excitement and challenge.6 Nightmares are mentioned in par
23、agraph 1 in order to_.（A）give an introduction to the main subject of the text（B） give an example of one particularly vivid type of dream（C） provide a justification for the study of dreams（D）illustrate the value of analyzing dreams7 Based on the information provided in paragraph 3, if a man dreamed o
24、f being hit by a train, it is likely that he_.（A）has been hit by a train before（B） believes in the existence of trains（C） believes that it is possible to be hit by a train（D）is afraid of being hit by a train8 The last sentence of the text gives an example of horses encountered in dreams of two diffe
25、rent people in order to_.（A）illustrate how the same item can mean different things in different dreams（B） exemplify the concept that people react differently to the same images in dreams（C） illustrate the idea that the emotions and feelings of different dreamers can be manifested in their respective
26、 dreams in similar images（D）support the assertion that the meaning behind dream images is entirely subjective9 The main point of the text is that_.（A）the study of dreams is based on logic from the waking life of the dreamer（B） in order to understand the meaning of dreams, we must analyze the lives o
27、f the dreamers（C） dreams can reveal much about the personality of the dreamer（D）the study of dreams, while multi-faceted, is a worthwhile endeavor10 Which of the following sentences would the author most likely agree with?（A）Dreams can be a useful tool in looking into the deeply held beliefs and emo
28、tions of the dreamer.（B） Those who study dreams must first study the environment of the dreamer.（C） The study of dreams makes sense if we know what to look for.（D）Dreamers should pay attention to their dreams to discern what those dreams reveal about themselves.10 The topic of cloning has been a pol
29、itically and ethically controversial one since its inception. While the moral and philosophical aspects of the issues are entirely up to the interpretation of the individual, the application of cloning technology can be studied objectively. Many in the scientific community advocate the use of clonin
30、g for the preservation and support of endangered species of animals that, aside from cloning, have no other practical hope for avoiding extinction.The goal of the use of cloning to avoid extinction is the reintroduction of new genes into the gene pool of species with few survivors, this ensuring the
31、 maintenance and expansion of genetic diversity. Likely candidates for this technique are species known to have very few surviving members, such as the African Bongo Antelope, the Sumatran Tiger, and the Chinese Giant Panda. In the case of the Giant Panda, some artificial techniques for creating off
32、spring have already been performed, perhaps paving the way for cloning as the next step in the process.With an estimated population of only about 1,000 Giant Pandas left in the world, the urgency of the situation has led to desperate measures. One panda was born through the technique of artificial i
33、nsemination in the San Diego Zoo in the United States. “Hua Mei“ was born in 1999 after her parents, Hsing-Hsing and Ling-Ling, had trouble conceiving naturally.The plan to increase the Giant Panda population through the use of cloning involves the use of a species related to the Giant Panda, the Am
34、erican Black Bear. Egg cells will be removed from female black bears and then fertilized with Panda cells such as those from Ling-Ling or Hsing-Hsing. The fertilized embryo will then be re-implanted into the black bear, where it will grow and mature, until a new panda is delivered from the black bea
35、r host.Critics of cloning technology argue that the emphasis on cloning as a method by which to preserve species will draw funding away from other methods, such as habitat preservation and conservation. Proponents of cloning counter that many countries in which many endangered species exist are too
36、poor to protect and maintain the species habitats anyway, making cloning technology the only practical way to ensure that those species survive to future generations. The issue is still hotly debated, as both sides weigh the benefits that could be achieved against the risks and ethical concerns that
37、 constantly accompany any argument on the issue.11 The author raises the issue of ethical considerations in cloning in paragraph 1 in order to（A）identify one of the main issues affecting the cloning controversy today（B） identify issues that will not be addressed in the text（C） draw the readers, atte
38、ntion to a sensitive issue that bears consideration in the topic of cloning（D）reveal an area of interest that will be explored later in the text12 The author directs attention to “Hua Mei“, the baby panda born in the San Diego Zoo, in order to_.（A）show that artificial birth techniques other than clo
39、ning have succeeded（B） show that cloning as an artificial birth technique has succeeded（C） demonstrate the necessity of cloning and other artificial birth techniques to the survival of certain species（D）argue that pandas are a particularly likely candidate for cloning13 The main purpose of paragraph
40、 4 is to_.（A）detail the process by which cloning in the panda population has been executed in the past（B） guide the reader to consider the possibility of cloning in restoring the panda population（C） demonstrate that the use of cloning to repopulate the panda species is a feasible goal（D）inform the r
41、eader of how cloning would be carried out in the panda population14 Paragraph 5 is written to_.（A）argue in favor of one side on a particularly controversial topic in cloning（B） display both sides arguments on another contentious issue in cloning（C） redirect the readers attention to the previously ra
42、ised issue of ethics in cloning（D）provide further relevant information to the evaluation of cloning as a preservation technique15 Based on the information in this text, the best candidate for cloning would be_.（A）pandas（B） an endangered species with many living related species（C） species in which pr
43、evious techniques of artificial reproduction have been successfully applied（D）those for which cloning is the only feasible method by which to repopulate the species15 On September 19th, nearly five months after the spill started, BP finally sealed the Macondo well. An adjoining relief well had alrea
44、dy been completed, and Macondo got a final wallop of cement. This is the coup de grace. A temporary containment cap was placed over the wellhead in July, and a cement filling was installed in August.Now more efforts will turn to assessing and compensating for the damage, which involves several thing
45、s happening at once. The Natural Resource Damage Assessment process, overseen by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA), quantifies the damage and what it might cost to fix it. It figures out BPs bill, in other words. Alongside this, an army of federal and state agencies, governme
46、nt researchers, academic scientists and independent advocates works on pieces of the picture: whether sampled fish show traces of oil in their gall bladders, whether whales are avoiding their usual mating grounds, whether water samples contain more hydrocarbons than would occur from natural seepage.
47、 BP has also pledged to spend $50m a year for the next ten years on its own independent research effort, as well as supplying scientists for what the NOAA is doing.Estimating the size of the spill was essential first step. On August 2nd the National Incident Command estimated that the spill amounted
48、 to a total of 4.9m barrels of oil. NOAA added an account of where it all went: a quarter dissolved or evaporated by natural means; 17% was siphoned up from the wellhead; 8% was burned off; 16% was dispersed naturally; 8% was dispersed through the prodigious application of chemicals. The remaining 2
49、6%, according to NOAA is spread around: some shimmering on the surface as sheen, some buried in layers of sediment on the sea floor.Non-government scientists worry that the spillage estimate is too small. And the dispersed oil has not exactly gone: it simply has a better chance of biodegrading, and less chance of coming ashore. This process is already well under way: the gulf is full of bacteria that happily chomp oil, if they get it in tiny specks. Earlier this month the Joint Analysis Group, another government o
