1、Bell work 10/20,In one sentence please tell me why it is important for a health care worker to be knowledgeable in human growth and development.,Unit 7 Human Growth and Development,7:1 Life Stages,Growth and development begins at birth and ends at death During an entire lifetime, individuals have ne
2、eds that must be met Health care workers need to be aware of the various stages and needs of the individual to provide quality health care,Life Stages,Infancy: birth to 1 year Early childhood: 1-6 years Late childhood: 6-12 years Adolescence: 12-20 years Early adulthood: 20-40 years Middle adulthood
3、: 40-65 years Late adulthood: 65 years and up,Four main types of Growth and Development,Physical: body growth Mental: mind development Emotional: feelings Social: interactions and relationships with others All four types above occur in each stage,Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development,Erik Erik
4、son was a psychoanalyst who identified eight stages of psychosocial development For each stage a basic conflict or need must be met See Table 7-1 in text,Infancy,Age: birth to 1 year old Conflict Trust vs. Mistrust Dramatic and rapid changes Physical development roll over, crawl, walk, grasp objects
5、 Mental developmentrespond to cold, hunger, and pain by crying. Begin to recognize surroundings and become aware of surroundings and people,Infancy,Emotional development show anger, distrust, happiness, excitement, etc. Social development self-centeredness concept of the newborn to recognition of ot
6、hers in their environment Infants are dependent on others for all needs,Bell Work 10/21,What are the four types of growth and development we will discuss for each life stage?Turn to page 191 in your bookPS Happy Friday,Early Childhood,Age: 1-6 years old Conflict: Toddler 1 to 3 years - Autonomy vs.
7、shame and doubt Preschool 3 to 6 years Initiative vs. guilt Physical development growth slower than in infancy. Muscle coordination allows the child to run, climb, move freely. Can write, draw, use a fork and knife Mental development verbal growth progresses, short attention span, at end of stage as
8、k questions, recognize letters, and some words,Early Childhood,Emotional development develop self-awareness and recognize the effect they have on other people and things. Children feel impatience and frustration as they try to do things beyond their abilities. This lead to temper tantrums (the terri
9、ble twos) Social development at beginning of stage very self-centered one year old to sociable six year old. Strong attachment to parents. Needs are food, shelter, protection, love and security.,Late Childhood,Age: 6-12 years old Conflict Industry vs. inferiority Physical development slow but steady
10、. Muscle coordination is well developed and children can engage in physical activity that require complex motor-sensory coordination Mental development developing quickly and much of the childs life centers around school. Reading and writing skills are learned, understand abstract concepts like hone
11、sty, loyalty, values and morals,Late Childhood,Emotional development - the child achieves greater independence and a more distinct personality. Fears are replaced by the ability to cope. Social development changes from activities by themselves to more group oriented. They are more ready to accept th
12、e opinions of others and learn to conform to rules, and standards of behavior. Needs are the same as infancy and early childhood along with the need for reassurance, parental approval, and peer acceptance.,Bell Work 10/26,Why is important for a health care provider to understand the needs of persons
13、 in each life stage?,Adolescence,Age: 12-20 years old Conflict Identity vs. Role Confusion Physical development growth spurts, muscle coordination slows. Development of sexual organs and secondary sexual characteristics (puberty). Secretion of sex hormones leads to the onset of menstruation in girls
14、 and the production of sperm and semen in boys. Body shape and form changes.,Adolescence,Mental development most foundations have been set. Development primarily involves an increase in knowledge and sharpening of skills. Learn to make decisions and accept responsibility for actions. Emotional devel
15、opment emotional development is often stormy and in conflict. Adolescents try to establish their identities and independence. They respond more and more to peer group influences.,Adolescence,Social development spending less time with family and more time with peer groups. They attempt to develop sel
16、f-identity and independence and seek security from their peers. Toward the end of this stage they develop a more mature attitude and develop patterns of behavior that they associate with adult behavior. Need for reassurance, support and understanding. Problems that develop in this stage can be trace
17、d to conflict and feelings of inadequacy and insecurity.,Eating Disorders,Often develop from an excessive concern for appearance Anorexia nervosa Bulimia More common in females Usually, psychological or psychiatric help is needed to treat these conditions,Substance Abuse,Use of alcohol or drugs with
18、 the development of a physical and/or mental dependence on the chemical Can occur at any life stage, but frequently begins in adolescence Can lead to physical and mental disorders and diseases Treatment towards total rehabilitation,Reasons Chemicals Used,Trying to relieve stress or anxiety Peer pres
19、sure Escape from emotional or psychological problems Experimentation Seeking “instant gratification” Hereditary traits or cultural influences,Suicide,One of the leading causes of death in adolescents Permanent solution to temporary problem Impulsive nature of adolescents Most give warning signs Call
20、 for attention,Reasons for Suicide,Depression Grief over a loss or love affair Failure in school Inability to meet expectations Influence of suicidal friends or parents Lack of self-esteem,Increased Risk of Suicide,Family history of suicide A major loss or disappointment Previous suicide attempts Re
21、cent suicide of friends, family, or role models (heroes or idols),Bell Work 10/26,What are two problems that can develop during adolescence that are due to feelings of inadequacy and insecurity? Eating disorders Chemical abuse Suicidal ideation,Early Adulthood,Age: 20-40 years old Conflict Intimacy
22、vs. Isolation Physical development basically complete. Muscles are developed, strong and motor coordination is at its peak. Mental development young adults seek additional education, choose careers and independence.,Early Adulthood,Emotional development Young adults are subjected to many emotional s
23、tresses related to career, marriage, family, etc. Social development moving away from peer group, and adults tend to associate with others who have similar ambitions. Most find a mate and begin a family.,Middle Adulthood,Age: 40-65 years of age Conflict Generosity vs. Stagnation Physical development
24、 Hair greys and thins, skin wrinkles, muscle tone decreases, hearing loss, visual acuity losses, weight gain. Mental development can continue to increase. Confident decision makers and excellent at analyzing situations.,Middle Adulthood,Emotional development can be a period of contentment and satisf
25、action. Social development - Family relationships can decline as children begin lives of their own and parents die. Divorce rates are high. Friendships are with people with similar interests and lifestyles.,Late Adulthood,Age: 65 years of age and up Conflict Ego integrity vs. despair Physical develo
26、pment on the decline. Skin becomes dry and wrinkles, “age spots” appear. Hair thins, muscles lose tone and strength. Memory loss can occur and reasoning ability can diminish.,Late Adulthood,Mental development varies. People who remain mentally active and are willing to learn new things tend to show
27、fewer signs of decreased mental ability Emotional development Emotional stability also varies. Social development retirement can lead to loss of self esteem, lost identity. Death of spouse and friends cause changes in social relationships.,Bell Work 11/1 and 11/2,Why is being willing to learn import
28、ant in late adulthood? Show fewer signs of decreased mental ability Which life stage is frequently the most productive life stage? Early adulthood marriage, childbearing, family, career,7:2 Death and Dying,Death is “the final stage of growth” Experienced by everyone and no one escapes Young people t
29、end to ignore its existence Usually it is the elderly, who have lost others, who begin to think about their own death,7:2 Death and Dying,Death is “the final stage of growth” Experienced by everyone and no one escapes Young people tend to ignore its existence Usually it is the elderly, who have lost
30、 others, who begin to think about their own death,Research,Dr. Elizabeth Kbler-Ross was the leading expert in the field of death and dying Results of her research Most medical personnel now believe patient should be informed of approaching death Patient should be left with some hope and know they wi
31、ll not be left alone Staff need to know extent of information known by patient,Research (continued),Dr. Kbler-Ross identified 5 stages of grieving Dying patients and their families/friends may experience these stages Stages may not occur in order Some patients may not progress through them all, othe
32、rs may experience several stages at once,Stages of Death and Dying,Denial refuses to believe Anger when no longer able to deny Bargaining accepts death, but wants more time Depression realizes death will come soon Acceptance understands and accepts the fact they are going to die,Caring for the Dying
33、 Patient,Very challenging, but rewarding work Supportive care Health care worker must have self-awareness Common to want to avoid feelings by avoiding dying patient,Hospice Care,Palliative care only Often in patients home Philosophy: allow patient to die with dignity and comfort Personal care Volunt
34、eers After death contact and services,Right to Die,Health care workers must understand this issue Ethical issues must be addressed Allowing patients to die can cause conflict Specific actions to end life cannot be taken Laws allowing “right to die”,Summary,Death is a part of life Health care workers
35、 will deal with death and dying patients Must understand death and dying process and think about needs of dying patients Then health care workers will be able to provide the special care these individuals need,Bell work Nov 2, 3,What stage in the process of death and dying does the person understand
36、 and accept the fact they are going to die? Acceptance What stage in the process of death and dying does the dying person try to make deals with a higher power? Bargaining,7:3 Human Needs,Needs: lack of something that is required or desired Needs exist from birth to death Needs influence our behavio
37、r Needs have a priority status Maslows hierarchy of needs,Maslows hierarchy of needs,Meeting Needs,Motivation to act when needs felt Sense of satisfaction when needs met Sense of frustration when needs not met Several needs can be felt at the same time Different needs can have different levels of in
38、tensity,Methods for Satisfying Needs,Direct methods meeting a need and obtaining satisfaction. Hard work Set realistic goals Evaluate situation Cooperate with others,Methods for Satisfying Needs,Indirect methods of satisfying a need usually reduce the need and help relieve tension if need is unmet.
39、The need is still there but its intensity decreases. Rationalization Projection Displacement Compensation DaydreamingRepression Suppression Denial Withdrawal,Bell Work 11/4,What is the difference between direct and indirect methods of satisfying human needs?,Defense Mechanisms,Rationalization is put
40、ting something into a different light or offering a different explanation for ones perceptions or behaviors in the face of a changing reality. a woman who starts dating a man she really, really likes and thinks the world of is suddenly dumped by the man for no reason. She reframes the situation in h
41、er mind with, “I suspected he was a loser all along.” Projection is the placing a persons undesired thoughts, feelings or impulses onto another person who does not have those thoughts, feelings or impulses. a spouse may be angry at their significant other for not listening, when in fact it is the an
42、gry spouse who does not listen.,Defense Mechanisms,Displacement is the redirecting of thoughts feelings and impulses directed at one person or object, but taken out upon another person or object. People often use displacement when they cannot express their feelings in a safe manner to the person the
43、y are directed at. The classic example is the man who gets angry at his boss, but cant express his anger to his boss for fear of being fired. He instead comes home and kicks the dog or starts an argument with his wife. The man is redirecting his anger from his boss to his dog or wife.,Defense Mechan
44、isms,Compensation is a process of psychologically counterbalancing perceived weaknesses by emphasizing strength in other arenas. By emphasizing and focusing on ones strengths, a person is recognizing they cannot be strong at all things and in all areas in their lives. When a person says, “I may not
45、know how to cook, but I can sure do the dishes!,” theyre trying to compensate for their lack of cooking skills by emphasizing their cleaning skills instead. Daydreaming is a dream like thought process when the person is awake. Daydreaming can be good or bad, it can lead to reaching our goals. Can be
46、 bad if person has the thoughts but dont take any action.,Defense Mechanisms,Repression is the unconscious blocking of unacceptable thoughts, feelings and impulses. “Repressed memories” are memories that have been unconsciously blocked from access or view. Terrified of heights but dont know why Supp
47、ression like repression but the individual is aware of why they have unacceptable thoughts, feelings or impulses and refuses to deal with them. Form of avoidance. Avoid the doctor because you are afraid of what you will hear.,Defense Mechanisms,Denial is the refusal to accept reality or fact, acting
48、 as if a painful event, thought or feeling did not exist. a person who is a functioning alcoholic will often simply deny they have a drinking problem, pointing to how well they function in their job and relationships. Withdrawal is removing your self either physically or emotionally from an unwanted
49、 situation Withdrawal is a healthy defense mechanism when you avoid an conflict or an unhappy situation.,Summary,Be aware of own needs and patients needs More efficient and quality care can be provided when know needs and understand motivations Better understanding of our behavior and that of others
50、,Bell Work 11/7: Name the defense mechanism,Bills friends and family believe that he has a drinking problem. When Bill is confronted by his loved ones, he claims that his drinking is not problematic. What type of defense mechanism is Bills response? Clare complains about her job duties at work, rare
51、ly completes assigned tasks, and is regularly late for work. When she is fired, she claims it was due to her co-worker badmouthing her instead of blaming it on her own poor work performance. Which defense mechanism explains Clares reaction? Mary has an argument with her boss, but remains calm while at work. When she gets home that evening, she yells at her spouse and children. Which defense mechanism is Mary displaying? Denial Rationalization (projection) Displacement,
