1、考研数学三-多元函数微积分学(三)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Starting with his review of Skinners Verbal Behavior, Noam Chomsky had led the psycholinguists who argue that man has developed an innate (天生的) capacity for dealing with the linguistic universals common to all languages.
2、 Experience and learning then provide only information about the (1) instances of those universal aspects of language which are needed to communicate with other people within a particular language (2) .This linguistic approach (3) the view that language is built upon learned associations between wor
3、ds. What is learned is not strings of words per se (本身), but (4) rules that enable a speaker to (5) an infinite variety of novel sentences. (6) single words are learned as concepts: they do not stand in a one-to-one (7) with the particular thing signified, but (8) all members of a general class.This
4、 view of the innate aspect of language learning is at first not readily (9) into existing psychological frameworks and (10) a challenge that has stimulated much thought and new research directions. Chomsky argues that a precondition for language development is the existence of certain principles “in
5、trinsic (原有的) to the mind“ that provide invariant structures (11) perceiving, learning and thinking. Language (12) all of these processes; thus its study (13) our theories of knowledge in general.Basic to this model of language is the notion that a childs learning of language is a kind of theory (14
6、) . Its thought to be accomplished (15) explicit instruction, (16) of intelligence level, at an early age when he is not capable of other complex (17) or motor achievements, and with relatively little reliable data to go on. (18) , the child constructs a theory of an ideal language which has broad (
7、19) power. Chomsky argues that all children could not develop the same basic theory (20) it not for the innate existence of properties of mental organization which limit the possible properties of languages.（分数：10.00）(1).A special B specific C definite D explicit（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A region B distr
8、ict C vicinity D community（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A attacks B assaults C charges D accuses（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A transformational B institutional C systematic D constitutional（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A originate B initiate C launch D generate（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A Yet B Even C Still D Likewise（分数：0.50）A.B.
9、C.D.(7).A consistence B conformity C correspondence D agreement（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A symbolize B embody C depict D represent（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A combined B integrated C blended D mixed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A meets B presents C offers D makes（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A underlining B highlighting C mar
10、king D underlying（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A deals B covers C involves D engages（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A tunes into B sheds light on C leaves behind D sets forth（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A fabrication B erection C creation D construction（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A with B under C by D without（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16)
11、.A irrespective B independent C regardless D implausible（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A intellectual B intelligent C intelligible D intellect（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A Nevertheless B Furthermore C Though D Accordingly（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A instinctive B addictive C tentative D predictive（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).
12、A had B should C were D be（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The swine flu will probably return in force earlier than seasonal flu usually begins, federal health officials predicted Friday, saying they expected it to erupt as soon as sc
13、hools open rather than in October or November. The swine flu is still circulating in the United States, especially in summer camps, even though hot weather has arrived and the regular flu season ended months ago, “so we expect challenges when people return to school, when kids are congregating toget
14、her,“ Dr. Anne Schuchat, director of respiratory diseases at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, said in a telephone news conference held jointly with vaccine experts from the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services. It is still unclear how many doses
15、 of a swine flu vaccine will be available by then, and officials have been reluctant to make firm predictions beyond saying that they expect tens of millions, rather than hundreds of millions, and they plan to distribute them to people who are the most vulnerable, like pregnant women and people who
16、are the most likely to encounter the flu, like health care workers. The number of doses available will depend on how fast seed strains grow, how much protection a small dose provides, and whether immune-system boosters called adjuvants are needed and prove to be safe; adjuvants are not used in Ameri
17、can flu vaccines now. Clinical trials testing those questions are expected to take another couple of months, said Dr. Jesse L. Goodman, director of the F. DAs Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. Assuming a swine flu vaccination campaign begins, it will be voluntary, Dr. Schuchat emphasized
18、, but she “strongly encouraged“ pregnant women to get both a seasonal flu shot and a swine flu shot when they are available. The CDChas been closely following the disease in the Southern Hemisphere winter, and it is mimicking the patterns seen in the United States and Mexico in the spring, she said.
19、 Most infections and most serious cases are in children and young adults, and those with underlying conditions, including pregnancy, are the most likely to die. Dr. Schuchat likened the spreads unpredictability to that of popcorn: one city could see an explosion of cases and overwhelmed hospitals wh
20、ile another saw few. Her most important message, she added, was that “the virus isnt gone, and we fully expect there will be challenges in the fall. “ （分数：10.00）(1).Why did officials expect the swine flu to erupt as soon as schools open rather than in October or November? A There will be sufficient
21、swine flu vaccines then. B The swine flu is still circulating. C The cold weather then will hinder their work. D People will be plunged into panic by then.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What measures will be taken due to the potential insufficiency of swine flu doses? A Urge the factory to accelerate producti
22、on. B Speed up the clinic trials. C Distribute the vaccines to people who are the most vulnerable. D Still encourage people to reduce their public activities and remain at home.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the text, what does “adjuvant“ (Para 4, Line 2) refer to? A An immune-system booster. B A
23、nother kind of vaccine. C A new medicine. D A new dangerous virus.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following questions is not included in “those questions“ (Para 5, Line 1) ? A How fast do seed strains grow? B How much protection does a small dose provide? C Are adjuvants needed and prove to be saf
24、e? D How much will such doses cost?（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following is the most infective to this disease? A A twelve-year old school boy. B A twenty-seven year old athlete. C A fifty-year old male gardener. D A forty-seven year old female driver.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)I
25、s athletic expertise attained or innate? Those who have suffered the tongue-lashing of a cruel games master at school might be forgiven for doubting the idea that anyone and everyone is capable of great sporting achievement, if only they would put enough effort into it. Practice may make perfect, bu
26、t not all are built in ways that make it worth bothering in the first place.The latest evidence of this truth has been gathered by Sabrina Lee of Simon Fraser University in Vancouver and Stephen Piazza at Pennsylvania State University. They have looked at the physical structure of short-distance run
27、ners and found that their feet are built differently from those ofcouch potatoes.Dr. Lee and Dr. Piazza already knew that short-distance runners tend to have a higher proportion of fast-contracting muscle fibres in their legs than more sedentary folk can muster. They suspected, though, that they wou
28、ld find differences in the bone structure as well. And they did.They looked at seven university sprinters who specialize in the 100-metre dash and five 200-metre specialists, and compared them with 12 non-athletic university students of the same height. In particular, they looked at the sizes of bon
29、es of the toes and heel. They also used ultrasonic scanning to measure the sliding motion of the Achilles tendons of their volunteers as their feet moved up and down. This allowed them to study the length of the lever created by the tendon as it pulls on the back of the heel to make the foot flex an
30、d push off the ground.Dr. Lee and Dr. Piazza found that the toes of their short-distance runners averaged 8.2cm in length, while those of common people averaged 7.3cm. The length of the lever of bone that the Achilles tendon pulls on also differed, being a quarter shorter in short-distance runners.T
31、hese findings suggest short-distance runners get better contact with the ground by having longer toes. That makes sense, as it creates a firmer platform to push against. In a short-distance running race, acceleration off the block is everything. Cheetahs, the champion of short-distance runners of th
32、e animal kingdom, have non-flexible claws that give a similar advantage.It is possiblejustthat the differences in physical structure are the result of long and rigorous training. But it is unlikely. Far more probable is that the old saying of coaches, that great short-distance runners are born not m
33、ade, is true. Everyone else, games masters included, should just get used to the idea.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, those who have doubted the idea that anyone can achieve in sports should_.A be severely scolded by their coachB practice harderC be excused and not be forced to practiceD be
34、ashamed of themselves（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which ofthe followings is NOT included in the latest evidence gathered by Dr. Lee and Dr. Piazza?A The toes of their short-distance runners are longer than those of common people.B Short-distance runners tend to have a higher proportion of fast-contracting m
35、uscle fibres in their legs.C In short-distance runners, the length of the lever of bone that the Achilles tendon pulls on is considerably shorter.D The average length of toes of the tested common people is 7.3cm.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The purpose of using ultrasonic scanning was_.A to measure the freq
36、uency of the Achilles tendons pulling as the feet movedB to see how the Achilles tendons slide as the feet moved up and downC to compare the sliding motion of the Achilles tendons with the pulling of muscle fibres in the legsD to measure the length of the lever of bone that the Achilles tendon pulls
37、 on（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to Dr. Lee and Dr. Piazza, which of the followings are NOT different?A Proportions of fast-contracting muscle fibres in the legs of athletes and common people.B The lengths of toes of athletes and common people.C Sizes of heels of athletes and common people.D Bone s
38、tructures of athletes and common people.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).According to the author, the idea the differences in physical structure between athletes and common people are the result of training is_.A trueB likely to be trueC to betestedD probably untrue（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Judge
39、 Kleinberg got it right when he made it clear that there werent separate rules for bloggers and journalists.Thats not to say bloggers are or arent journalistsjust that there shouldnt be a distinction. In other words, the same rules apply to everyone. Butand heres the tricky partalthough the rules ap
40、ply to people equally, we can, do, and should apply them differently to different acts. Asking whether bloggers are journalists is meaningless. Whats important isnt the person but the product. If a snoopy 12-year-old girl find evidence that her towns mayor is taking bribes, then collects it, verifie
41、s it, and publishes it on her blog, thats journalism. If Waiter Cronkite writes in his diary that he planted daisies and washed the dishes that afternoon, thats not. Its whats done, not whos doing it.This isnt something that always needed to be pointed out. In the old days, you could draw a line bet
42、ween journalists and everyone else, just as you could draw a line between any other profession. What you did is what you were: reporter, barber, grocer, tailor, whatever. Journalists were usually hired by newspapers, magazines and radio stations. And they followed certain rules, respecting off-the-r
43、ecord comments, being accurate and not misquoting.Today, the Web is an essentially way to get news, and, while journalism is pretty much the same, the term “journalist“ is getting a bit cloudy. Thats why the question of whether bloggers are journalists keeps coming up. When anyone can publish, anyon
44、e can be a journalist. So the questions the courts need to answer is not, “Who is a journalist?“ but rather, “Who is doing journalism?“ That 12-year-old girl was doing it, even if she isnt in high school yeteven if she wasnt a journalist.Not being a journalist doesnt necessarily reduce the quality o
45、f the work, nor should it reduce the protections it receives. So when a question of journalists rights comes up, we need to ask two questions. First, “What protections should journalism receive under the First Amendment?“ And second, “Was the person in question performing an act of journalism?“ If s
46、he isif the work she was doing involves gathering and publishing information of legitimate public interestthen her profession doesnt matter. The idea that the line between amateurs and professionals is blurring is something we need to get used to. The Web gives the little guy the same publishing too
47、ls as the big guy. Video-editing software is inexpensive enough that the quality of amateurs equals that of many pros. But while our technology is removing age-old distinctions, our perceptions and our laws havent quite embraced the new reality. Its time to shift our thinking.（分数：10.00）(1).When the
48、author says “Whats important isnt the person but the product“ (in the second paragraph), he meansA rules should not be set to regulate peoples behaviour.B what is published determines whether the writer is a journalist.C the quality of news stories determines the quality of a journalist.D a blogger is a better journalist if he can produce newsworthy stories.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).It can be inferred that traditional journalists differ from online “journalists“ in that, in the former case,A what they did determines their occupations.B they had to collect and publish secret stories.
