1、2019 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）模拟题 1 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：150 分钟)一、完形填空(总题数：1，分数：10.00)_1_ job applications to eliminate discrimination is not easy. Ten big employers in the public and private sectorsincluding the civil service, HSBC and Deloittehave agreed to start _2_ on a “name-blind” basis in Britain;
2、others may also follow suit. In such schemes, those drawing up shortlists of applicants cannot see their _3_ , with the aim of _4_ racial and sexual bias. But do they work?In France a law passed in 2006 made the anonymising of applicants CVs _5_ for firms of over 50 employees. But the government was
3、 slow in laying _6_ the conditions for how the law would operate, and only started _7_ it last year. In Sweden and the Netherlands there have been some trials. Discrimination against job applicants based on their names is well _8_, particularly among ethnic minorities. An experiment in Germany found
4、 that candidates with German-sounding names were 14% more likely to be called _9_ an interview than candidates with Turkish ones. A review of various studies, by the Institute for the Study of Labour (IZA) , a German outfit, found that anonymised job applications _10_ the chances of ethnic-minority
5、candidates being invited to a / an _11_ . A Swedish study found that it led to more _12_ candidates being hired.However, the results from other trials are not _13_ . A second Swedish experiment found that only women, not immigrants, were boosted by anonymous recruitment. According to the IZA, experi
6、ments in the Netherlands showed no _14_ in the likelihood of ethnic-minority candidates being offered a job if their CVs were seen anonymously, suggesting that discrimination had _15_ at the interview stage.Ensuring that a candidate is completely _16_ is also tricky. A 2012 French study found that _
7、17_ candidates and those from poor districts were less likely to be called for interview when applications were anonymised. Its authors suggested that recruiters may have used other _18_ , such as knowledge of Arabic, to _19_ race.Going name-blind when shortlisting candidates may be a sensible start
8、, but it is likely to be just a small step towards _20_ hiring bias.（分数：10.0）(1).（分数：0.5）A.MakingB.AnonymisingC.IgnoringD.Taking(2).（分数：0.5）A.recruitingB.vanishingC.beginningD.eliminating(3).（分数：0.5）A.applicationsB.namesC.racesD.jobs(4).（分数：0.5）A.expandingB.increasingC.keepingD.reducing(5).（分数：0.5）A
9、.compulsoryB.temporaryC.optionalD.alternative(6).（分数：0.5）A.outB.awayC.downD.off(7).（分数：0.5）A.stoppingB.enforcingC.planningD.appealing(8).（分数：0.5）A.documentedB.shapedC.realizedD.understood(9).（分数：0.5）A.onB.atC.forD.after(10).（分数：0.5）A.riseB.provideC.boostD.shrink(11).（分数：0.5）A.jobB.interviewC.employm
10、entD.position(12).（分数：0.5）A.namelessB.GermanicC.ethnicD.common(13).（分数：0.5）A.clearB.suggestiveC.integratedD.subordinate(14).（分数：0.5）A.indicationB.evidenceC.increaseD.progress(15).（分数：0.5）A.stuck inB.relied onC.caught atD.crept in(16).（分数：0.5）A.anonymousB.fairC.competitiveD.unknown(17).（分数：0.5）A.fema
11、leB.youngC.foreign-bornD.emigratory(18).（分数：0.5）A.standardsB.indicatorsC.thoughtsD.indexes(19).（分数：0.5）A.identifyB.discriminateC.exertD.conceal(20).（分数：0.5）A.decreasingB.continuingC.stayingD.ending二、阅读理解(总题数：5，分数：50.00)Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each t
12、ext by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1When I ask experienced college teachers and administrators to describe how college students have changed over the years, I often get an answer like this, “Todays students are more accomplished than past generations
13、, but they are also more emotionally fragile.”That rings true to me. Todays students are amazing, but they bathe one another in oceans of affirmation and praise, as if supporting one another against some insecurity. Whatever one thinks of the campus protests, the desire for trigger warnings and safe
14、 spaces does seem to originate from a place of emotional fragility.And if you hang around the middle aged, you hear a common story line to explain the rise of the orchid generation. Once upon a time, the story line goes, kids were raised in a tough environment. They had to do hard manual chores arou
15、nd the house and they got in fights on the playground. Then they went off to do grueling work in the factory or they learned toughness and grit in the military.But today, helicopter parents protect their children from setbacks and hardship. They supervise every playground conflict, so kids never lea
16、rn to handle disputes or deal with pain.Emotional fragility is not only caused by overprotective parenting. Its also caused by anything that makes it harder for people to find their goals. We are all fragile when we dont know what our purpose is, when we havent thrown ourselves with abandon into a s
17、ocial role, when we havent committed ourselves to certain people, when we feel like a swimmer in an ocean with no edge.If you really want people to be tough, make them idealistic for some cause, make them tender for some other person, make them committed to some worldview that puts todays temporary
18、pain in the context of a larger hope.Emotional fragility seems like a psychological problem, but it has only a philosophical answer. People are really tough only after they have taken a leap of faith for some truth or mission or love. Once theyve done that they can withstand a lot.（分数：10）(1).Accordi
19、ng to the first paragraph, compared with the past generations, todays students are _.（分数：2）A.less talentedB.physically weakC.more versatile yet less toughD.more idealistic(2).The following aspects are all the symptoms of todays students on fragility EXCEPT that they _.（分数：2）A.live by complimenting e
20、ach otherB.may launch campaign in university to express their angerC.support the belief of each otherD.yearn for safety in face of protest(3).According to Paragraph 3, “orchid generation”_.（分数：2）A.do much work at homeB.favor the military lifeC.live a good life physicallyD.grow up under hostile circu
21、mstances(4).According to the passage, what is NOT the reason why people feel fragile? _.（分数：2）A.They refuse to get involved into society.B.They doubt the meaning of life.C.They have psychological problems.D.They make no promises to someone.(5).Which of the following would be the most appropriate tit
22、le for the text? _.（分数：2）A.Making Modern Toughness.B.Admitting Emotional Fragility.C.Setting Clear Goals in Life.D.Avoiding Overprotective Parenting.Text 2Running may be the single most effective exercise to increase life expectancy, according to a new review and analysis of past research about exer
23、cise and premature death. The new study found that, compared to non-runners, runners tended to live about three additional years, even if they run slowly or sporadically and smoke, drink or are overweight. No other form of exercise that researchers looked at showed comparable impacts on life span.Th
24、e findings come as a follow-up to a study done three years ago, in which a group of distinguished exercise scientists scrutinized data from a large trove of medical and fitness tests conducted at the Cooper Institute in Dallas. That analysis found that as little as five minutes of daily running was
25、associated with prolonged life spans.After that study was released, the researchers were inundated with queries from fellow scientists and the general public, says Duck-chul Lee, a professor of kinesiology at Iowa State University and co-author of the study. Some people asked if other activities, su
26、ch as walking, were likely to be as beneficial as running for reducing mortality risks.High-mileage runners wondered if they could be doing too much, and if at some undefined number of miles or hours, running might become counterproductive and even contribute to premature mortality.And a few people
27、questioned whether running really added materially to peoples life spans. Could it be, they asked rather peevishly, that if in order to reduce your risk of dying by a year, you had to spend the equivalent of a years worth of time on the trails or track, producing no discernible net gain?So for the n
28、ew study, which was published in March in Progress in Cardiovascular Disease, Lee and his colleagues set out to address those and related issues by reanalyzing data from the Cooper Institute and also examining results from a number of other large-scale recent studies looking into the associations be
29、tween exercise and mortality.Over all, this new review reinforced the findings of the earlier research, the scientists determined. Cumulatively, the data indicated that running, whatever someones pace or mileage, dropped a persons risk of premature death by almost 40%, a benefit that held true even
30、when the researchers controlled for smoking, drinking and a history of health problems such as hypertension or obesity.（分数：10）(1).It is implied in Paragraph 1 that runners_.（分数：2）A.often run slowly or occasionallyB.may live a life that is a little longer than the non-runnersC.are fond of drinking or
31、 smokingD.can live a healthy life(2).The analysis of the medical and fitness tests showed that_.（分数：2）A.daily running played an important role in prolonging life spansB.five minutes daily running was totally enough in prolonging life spansC.daily running could not reduce mortality risksD.daily runni
32、ng might enhance peoples sense of happiness(3).The following aspects are the reasons why the researchers were inundated with queries EXCEPT that _.（分数：2）A.some people wondered if walking was likely to be as good as runningB.high-mileage runners doubted whether running might lead to premature deathC.
33、a few people questioned whether running really added materially to peoples life spansD.some people asked calmly whether it is worthwhile to spend the whole year on running(4).According to the passage, the new review indicated that_.（分数：2）A.findings of the earlier research were wrongB.running could n
34、ot necessarily lower a persons risk of premature deathC.running was beneficial to peoples healthD.people with smoking, drinking and other health problems are not mentioned to run(5).The authors attitude toward running is_.（分数：2）A.indifferentB.approvalC.objectiveD.uncertainText 3There are many reason
35、s for the sorry state of commercial aviation in America. But I come to you as a technology columnist to tell you that technology, too, has failed you. People in Silicon Valley pride themselves on their capacity to upend entrenched industries. Uber defeated taxi cartels. Airbnb made getting a room ch
36、eaper and more accessible. Streaming services are undoing the cable business. Yet the airline industry has not just stubbornly resisted innovation to improve customer servicein many ways, technology has only fueled the industrys race to the bottom.“The airline industry has been on a steady downward
37、trajectory when it comes to customer service for nearly 40 years.” said Henry H. Harteveldt. He noted that American carriers were improving on some metricson-time service is up, baggage loss is down and prices keep getting better. And what keeps deteriorating are comfort and quality of service for l
38、ow-end passengers, he added.Airlines keep tacking on separate fees for amenities we used to consider part of the flight. And customers keep going along with it. “Consumers have shown that theyre willing to put up with an awful lot, including lack of amenities, mediocre or worse customer service and
39、more to save money,” Harteveldt said. “And the airline industry has evolved to meet that desire for cheap fares.” Part of the problem is how we buy tickets today. The whole system is mercilessly transactional. Customer servicethat is, how the airline treats youisnt often part of the transaction. As
40、a result, airlines have little incentive to reform themselves.Can technology improve how airlines work? Some people have ideas for how that may happen. One of them is obvious and sensible: customer reviews. Last year Trip Advisor began rating airlines. Its new rankings, released this week, show that
41、 overall, airlines get an average rating of 3.7 out of 5 from customers. That is small potatoes, though. A bigger disruption would come from altering how we pay for airfares. In the same way that Netflix changed the DVD business by charging a monthly fee, some consultants argue that a membership fee
42、 could radically improve flying. Your only techno 鄄 logical hope for better service is your smartphone camera and the viral push of social networks.（分数：10）(1).The elite from Silicon Valley may feel so proud of the following things EXCEPT that_.（分数：2）A.Airbnb makes people get a room more cheaperB.Ube
43、r APP has won in the war with TaxiC.the quality of service in aircraft industry raises to a higher levelD.accessing to information becomes more quickly(2).According to Henry H. Harteveldt, what has been improved in American airline industry is_.（分数：2）A.ticket priceB.customer serviceC.comfort levelD.
44、security check(3).Which is NOT the reason why the aircraft industries do not have the motivation to reform themselves?（分数：2）A.The airline industries have offered cheap fares to customers.B.The airline industries have made baggage loss down.C.The customers are willing to tolerate low quality of servi
45、ce.D.The service is not regarded as the part of the mercilessly transactional system.(4).The sentence “That is small potatoes, though.” (Para. 4) most probably means customer review_.（分数：2）A.doesnt make sense in improving serviceB.is not welcomed in improving serviceC.is a obvious and sensible way o
46、f improving airline worksD.has slight influence on improving service(5).According to the last paragraph, some consumers think that the way to thoroughly improve the quality of service is _. （分数：2）A.customer reviewsB.viral push of networksC.membership feeD.phone cameraText 4Speaking two languages rat
47、her than just one has obvious practical benefits in an increasingly globalized world. But in recent years, scientists have begun to show that the advantages of bilingual- ism are even more fundamental than being able to converse with a wider range of people. Being bilingual, it turns out, makes you
48、smarter. It can have a profound effect on your brain, improving cognitive skills not related to language and even shielding against dementia in old age.This view of bilingualism is remarkably different from the understanding of bilingualism through much of the 20th century. Researchers, educators an
49、d policy makers long considered a second language to be an interference that hindered a childs academic and intellectual development.They were not wrong about the interference: there is ample evidence that in a bilinguals brain both language systems are active even when he is using only one language, thus creating situations in which one system obstructs the other. But this interference, researchers are finding out, isnt so much a handicap as a blessing in disguis
